Implications of the Genotoxic Effects of Carcinogens on Smokeless Tobacco Products for Public Health Interventions and Oral Health

Abstract

Smokeless tobacco (SLT) is a major global health risk due to its established genotoxic and carcinogenic effects. This brief communication summarizes the most significant and contemporary molecular mechanisms, including oxidative stress, nitrosamine-driven DNA adduct formation, and heavy-metal-mediated repair inhibition. It also emphasizes the implications of these mechanisms for the development of policies and the prevention of oral cancer. Additionally, emphasized is the incorporation of new biomarkers with updated global epidemiologic insights relevant to SLT, such as the inclusion of microRNA-21 within a wider biomarker panel. Focused cessation campaigns, early detection methods, and regulatory tightening are among the priorities listed for health systems.