Jul 2026· JOURNAL OF MECHANICS OF CONTINUA AND MATHEMATICAL SCIENCES· 0 citations
TL;DR
These findings verify that MANET transmission is demonstrably enhanced and safer when trust, congestion, and QoS are all addressed concurrently at a particular transit level as opposed to individual-criterion techniques.
Abstract
Assurance, traffic management, and Quality of Service (QoS) are still ongoing and interconnected issues in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs), which are extremely flexible, infrastructure-free cellular networks. While inexpensive pathfinding is provided by traditional reactive routing technologies, such as the Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) algorithm, the system is vulnerable to packet-dropping assaults, stream congestion, and a lack of stream separation. The Hybrid AAODV–APBROP routing protocol proposed in this paper combines three identical methods: (i) an adaptive priority-based packet scheduler that prioritizes real-time and emergency flows over best-effort traffic; (ii) a queue-length-based congestion detection component that directs traffic away from overloaded paths; and (iii) a dynamic trust assessment system that identifies and isolates unauthorized packet-dropping nodes. The approach is validated by substantial NS-3 simulations for networks of 20–50 nodes with mobility. In comparison to traditional AODV, the hybrid protocol obtains a hostile node recognition rate surpassing 94%, increases the Packet Delivery Ratio by up to 49.6%, increases throughput by 82.6%, decreases end-to-end delay by 40.3%, and maintains routing cost within reasonable ranges. These findings verify that MANET transmission is demonstrably enhanced and safer when trust, congestion, and QoS are all addressed concurrently at a particular transit level as opposed to individual-criterion techniques.
: Vehicular Ad hoc Networks (VANETs) play a vital role in Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS), a key application of Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS). However, the functionality of these networks can be compromised by environmental challenges and malicious attacks, such as black hole and flooding attacks, which degrade network performance. To address these challenges, this paper introduces the Emergency Module with Ant Colony Optimization-based Multi-hop Trusted Routing Protocol (EMAO-MTRUST) for VANETs. The proposed protocol enhances network security and efficiency by integrating trust-based mechanisms and intelligent routing strategies. EMAO-MTRUST employs direct and indirect trust models to identify and isolate malicious nodes, ensuring reliable packet transmission. Trust computations are used to select a border node with the highest trust value for forwarding data packets. An Emergency Module is incorporated to handle critical situations, leveraging a hybrid approach that combines Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) and Carrier Sense Multiple Access (CSMA) models. The Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) algorithm is utilized to determine the most efficient routing path between nodes, optimizing the network's performance. The protocol ꞌ s effectiveness is evaluated through simulations, comparing it to existing methods in the presence of black hole and flooding attacks. Key performance metrics, including packet delivery ratio, end-to-end latency, network throughput, and energy efficiency, are assessed. Results demonstrate that EMAO-MTRUST significantly outperforms existing approaches, delivering higher packet delivery ratios, reduced latency, improved throughput, and enhanced energy efficiency. This study highlights the potential of the EMAO-MTRUST protocol to secure VANETs against malicious activities while maintaining high-quality performance, making it a promising solution for the challenges in ITS applications.
Parimala Garnepudi, M. Vanitha· Tehnički Vjesnik· 0 citations
Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs) are essential components of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS), allowing communication exchanges between vehicles and road infrastructure elements. These networks face challenges from vehicular mobility, including frequent topology changes, link instability, and variable wireless channel quality. This paper presents an extensive evaluation of Software-Defined Networking (SDN) integrated with two traffic engineering technologies, Multi-Protocol Label Switching (MPLS) and Segment Routing (SR), applied to the AODV and OLSR routing protocols. Nine incremental configurations are evaluated for each protocol, ranging from the default protocol through MPLS-enhanced forwarding, SDN-based centralized optimization, combined SDN-MPLS and SDN-SR integration, to advanced configurations using distance-based IS-IS weighted topology metrics with both Fixed and Adaptive metric computation approaches. Two distinct SDN topology construction methods are compared: a Protocol-based approach that uses routing table entries with equal hop-count metrics, and a distance-based approach using IS-IS weighted metrics. The simulation uses a realistic urban topology with 50 vehicles and 5 RSUs, evaluated across several traffic patterns, representing different application types. Results demonstrate that SR with distance-based IS-IS metrics achieves the highest Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR) and lowest delay by leveraging RSU infrastructure as reliable forwarding relays. Moreover, the proposed SDN-SR framework reduces routing overhead and control-plane signaling, improving network resource utilization and thereby indicating its potential to enhance the energy efficiency of vehicular communication infrastructures.
Ronild Hako, E. Spaho, A. Annuk· Network· 0 citations
The proposed Energy-Efficient Adaptive On-Demand Distance Vector protocol to reduce extra Route Request (RREQ) packets based on local node density demonstrates that reducing control packets is an effective solution for high-density MANET environments to maintain network stability.
Sonu Kumar, Ambuj Bhushan Gautam, K. Govil· International Journal of Adv...· 0 citations
Mobile wireless sensor networks application requires secure and efficient communication that is possible only through the operation of Mobile Wireless Sensor Networks (MWSNs). MWSNs possess certain special problems due to the fact that it is mobile, energy-constrained, dynamical topological and vulnerable to security problems. The existing routing systems like cluster and ad hoc routing systems are typified by high energy consumption, unsuitability to address misbehavior by nodes, inability to engage in trust-based routing and inefficient protection against malicious attacks that renders networks inefficient and less reliable. In order to address these deficiencies, this paper proposes a security aware and energy efficient routing scheme as a combination of Path Optimization Mechanism in MWSN (POM-MWSN) and the Security Trust-aware Adaptive Routing with Cross Layer (STARC) model. POM-MWSN takes into account the node connectivity, energy and mobility and constructs the optimization route where STARC takes into account the trust assessment, cross layer routing and selection of hybrid cluster head to attain the secure and reliable communication. The proposed solution will be a special hybrid of energy-aware way optimization and faith-based routing and attack detection, which will render the network working strong and effective. Numerous simulations demonstrate that the given framework outcompetes the existing ones and achieves end-to-end delay of 0.005 ms, higher throughput of 80,000–84,000 bytes, packet delivery ratio of 237 packets, residual energy of 99.7 J, and overhead 12,450 packets and cost of communication 2985 bits. The results validate the utility of the proposed approach in the provision of trust-based, energy-efficient, and secure routing in the dynamic MWSNs.
Ms.D. Swapna, Dr.M.Nagaratna· Journal of Intelligent Decis...· 0 citations
A new Enhanced Intelligent-based Energy and Mobility, and Obstacle-aware Clustering (EIEMOC) protocol to control the network congestion while meeting End-to-End Delay (E2D) constraints in delay-constrained FANET applications.
J. Rajeswari, R. Kousalya· International Journal of Ele...· 0 citations
Wireless Mesh Networks (WMNs) are a key enabling technology for dynamic, infrastructure-limited IoT environments. The routing protocol is the central design choice in any WMN deployment because throughput, end-to-end delay, energy consumption and delivery reliability are directly affected by it. A systematic, simulation-based evaluation of two widely studied WMN routing protocols is presented: the reactive Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV, RFC 3561) protocol and the proactive Destination-Sequenced Distance-Vector (DSDV) protocol. Simulations were conducted in OMNeT++ 6.3 with the INET 4.5 framework across five network densities $(N \in\{10,20,30,40,50\}$ nodes) in a $1000 ~\mathrm{m} \times 1000 ~\mathrm{m}$ IEEE 802.11g area with a many-to-one UDP traffic pattern representative of IoT data collection. A density-dependent crossover was revealed at approximately $N=20$: lower delay was achieved by DSDV in sparse networks, whereas higher throughput, higher delivery reliability and lower energy consumption were achieved by AODV at higher densities. At $N=50, \approx 35 \%$ higher throughput, zero routing failures and $\approx 8 \%$ lower energy consumption are delivered by AODV. It is indicated by the MAC-layer contention behavior that DSDV's high-density degradation is mainly driven by IEEE 802.11 channel saturation rather than by routing-algorithm deficiencies. Deployment guidelines derived from these findings are provided.
Alá F. Khalifeh, Abdulla Ababneh, Iacovos I. Ioannou· IEEE Jordan Conference on Ap...· 0 citations