2026· International Journal of Advanced Networking and Application· Vol 18, pp. 7342-7350· 0 citations
TL;DR
The proposed Energy-Efficient Adaptive On-Demand Distance Vector protocol to reduce extra Route Request (RREQ) packets based on local node density demonstrates that reducing control packets is an effective solution for high-density MANET environments to maintain network stability.
Abstract
High-density Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANETs) often face poor performance because of too many control packets causing broadcast storms. Recent studies improve energy use in smaller networks (up to 100 nodes), but they ignore the high routing overhead in very dense networks. This paper proposes the Energy-Efficient Adaptive On-Demand Distance Vector (EE-AODV) protocol to reduce extra Route Request (RREQ) packets based on local node density. The proposed EE-AODV protocol was tested against standard AODV and DSR using the NS-2 simulator with up to 250 nodes in a 500m x 500m area. Results show that at 250 nodes, EE-AODV keeps the Normalized Routing Load (NRL) low at 0.8120, while AODV's NRL reaches 2.0005. By reducing channel traffic, EE-AODV maintains a strong Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR) of 73.10% and lowers average energy use to 11.24 J per node. This demonstrates that reducing control packets is an effective solution for high-density MANET environments to maintain network stability.
Wireless Mesh Networks (WMNs) are a key enabling technology for dynamic, infrastructure-limited IoT environments. The routing protocol is the central design choice in any WMN deployment because throughput, end-to-end delay, energy consumption and delivery reliability are directly affected by it. A systematic, simulation-based evaluation of two widely studied WMN routing protocols is presented: the reactive Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV, RFC 3561) protocol and the proactive Destination-Sequenced Distance-Vector (DSDV) protocol. Simulations were conducted in OMNeT++ 6.3 with the INET 4.5 framework across five network densities $(N \in\{10,20,30,40,50\}$ nodes) in a $1000 ~\mathrm{m} \times 1000 ~\mathrm{m}$ IEEE 802.11g area with a many-to-one UDP traffic pattern representative of IoT data collection. A density-dependent crossover was revealed at approximately $N=20$: lower delay was achieved by DSDV in sparse networks, whereas higher throughput, higher delivery reliability and lower energy consumption were achieved by AODV at higher densities. At $N=50, \approx 35 \%$ higher throughput, zero routing failures and $\approx 8 \%$ lower energy consumption are delivered by AODV. It is indicated by the MAC-layer contention behavior that DSDV's high-density degradation is mainly driven by IEEE 802.11 channel saturation rather than by routing-algorithm deficiencies. Deployment guidelines derived from these findings are provided.
Alá F. Khalifeh, Abdulla Ababneh, Iacovos I. Ioannou· IEEE Jordan Conference on Ap...· 0 citations
Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs) face major routing problems because their network structure keeps changing, their energy levels are minimal, their nodes move between locations, and they lack any central network control systems. The traditional routing protocols Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) and Ad hoc On-Demand Multipath Distance Vector (AOMDV) face major problems in dynamic environments because they use too much energy, their routes fail too often, and their network control demands become too high. The paper introduces RML-ZEREM to solve existing limitations, which functions as a Reinforcement Learning (RL) based Zone-Based Leader-Aware Energy-Efficient Routing Protocol for MANETs. The proposed approach partitions the network into multiple zones and employs energy-aware leader node selection to manage routing operations efficiently. The system uses Q-learning to create an adaptive routing system that chooses the best routing paths according to current network conditions, including residual energy levels, node movement, traffic intensity, and link reliability. The proposed protocol performance assessment uses the NS-2.35 simulator to test different simulation conditions, which include various simulation durations, node mobility rates, network capacity, and simulation area size. The simulation results show that RML-ZEREM achieves better performance than traditional AODV and AOMDV protocols through its ability to increase throughput while decreasing energy usage, improving packet delivery ratio, and reducing routing overhead. The zone-based hierarchical structure enhances network stability and scalability for MANET systems that operate in dynamic environments. The RML-ZEREM protocol functions as an intelligent routing system that adjusts its operations to achieve energy efficiency through its framework, which serves next-generation MANET applications.
Rani Sahu, Babita Rathore· Journal of Intelligent Compu...· 0 citations
To overcome the inherent compromises between proactive and reactive data transmission in Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs), this research introduces a novel framework tailored for highly unstable vehicular topologies. The developed system, termed the Dynamic Hybrid Routing Protocol (DHRP), merges the Optimised Link State Routing (OLSR) and Ad-hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) algorithms. A core feature of this architecture is its cross-layer power management module, which dynamically recalibrates transmission strength and routing paths by analysing real-time vehicle clustering and speed metrics. Comprehensive evaluations conducted via NS-3 and SUMO indicate that the proposed DHRP significantly surpasses both contemporary benchmarks and standard baselines. Notably, the architecture achieves a Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR) exceeding 90%, limits communication latency to well below the critical 40 ms safety boundary, and slashes energy expenditure by up to 90%. By effectively solving the traditional routing dichotomy, DHRP offers a highly scalable and sustainable communication backbone vital for the reliable operation of future Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS).
These findings verify that MANET transmission is demonstrably enhanced and safer when trust, congestion, and QoS are all addressed concurrently at a particular transit level as opposed to individual-criterion techniques.
Sonia Singhal, A. Kush· JOURNAL OF MECHANICS OF CONT...· 0 citations
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) find application in environmental monitoring, industrial automation, health care, and the Internet of Things. However, energy restrictions of nodes and faulty routing mechanisms affect network lifetime and communication. To address these issues, this paper presents an Energy-Efficient Cluster-Based Multi-Hop Routing (E2CMR) protocol, an enhanced version of the LEACH routing protocol. The framework suggests RSSI-based methods for node layering, adaptive selection of cluster heads, and energy-aware multi-hop routing to balance energy consumption. Using residual energy, initial energy, and average network energy, an enhanced threshold function is developed to select an optimal cluster head for efficient rotation. Moreover, energy-aware route establishment reduces transmission distance and communication overhead, thereby enhancing packet delivery performance. The proposed protocol was validated in an NS-2 simulation using 100 similar sensor nodes. The following protocols were compared with ECI-LEACH, ESCH, and the ICSI routing protocol. The experimental results show that E2CMR achieves a maximum throughput of 370 kbps, delaying the first node's death to the 30th round. In the 50th round, it maintains 26% residual energy, routing overhead reduces to 26, and network lifetime improves by 38%. The results indicate that E2CMR improves energy efficiency, network stability, and routing performance and is applicable for large-scale energy-constrained WSNs.
Sushma Priyadarshini, Anuradha T· International journal of com...· 0 citations
Mobile nodes are continuously moving in the network and form the link to transfer the information between source and destination. All the mobile nodes have limited bandwidth and limited battery power. Energy is the primary source required for route establishment and data transfer to all the interconnected nodes. If the nodes have a limited amount of energy, it means immediate action is required to switch to the other node or re-establish the route for proper data transfer. In this research, a novel energy-efficient multipath routing for load balancing (EMRD-LB) is capable of improving the routing performance. The EMRD-LB approach is efficiently utilizing the energy of nodes and link capacity to avoid congestion from the network. This method enhances data flow and extends the operational lifespan of the network nodes. By dynamically adjusting the routing paths based on current energy levels, the system ensures optimal performance even under varying load conditions. The load balancing is required to reduce the packet dropping and control the extra load by reducing the data rate and buffer management. The proposed scheme is also capable of reducing overhead, which is typically increased due to data retransmissions and delays in acknowledgement packets. Flooding of overhead packets increases bandwidth consumption and delays in data forwarding. The performance of EMRD-LB is compared with QMR, AOMDV, and MMEE, and the performance of the proposed scheme is better. The EMRD-LB reduces delay, reduces packets dropping and improves data receiving.
Aradhana Saxena, Nitika Vats· International journal of com...· 0 citations