Association between serum lactate dehydrogenase and prevalence of diabetic kidney disease in Chinese patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus: a cross-sectional study

Abstract

Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is an autoimmune disease marked by irreversible loss of pancreatic β -cells, which ultimately causes insulin deficiency and hyperglycemia. As of 2022, the global prevalence reached 8.75 million cases [1]. T1DM demonstrates a rising global incidence [2] and marked autoimmune comorbidity (thyroid disease, celiac disease, Addison disease, and vitiligo), yet Mendelian randomization analysis suggests an independent causal relationship between T1DM and non-immune diseases [3]. Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) represents a prevalent and severe microvascular