Biological and Ecological Characteristics of Crocus sativus L. Growing in Azerbaijan

Abstract

This research investigates the biological, chemical, and agro-climatic characteristics of the saffron plant (Crocus sativus L.) in the conditions of Azerbaijan. It was determined that saffron, in addition to being a vegetatively propagated plant of high economic value, is also widely used in both food and medical fields thanks to its bioactive compounds, such as crocetin, picrocrocin, and safranal. In the Nakhchivan region, certain species are found in the wild and are commonly known as ‘sarychichek’ or ‘chagalagül’. Certain representatives of these species, found in the mountainous areas of the region, are used in traditional medicine for various ailments, including kidney disorders, gynaecological problems, inflammation of the lymphatic vessels (lymphangitis), and skin infections (furunculosis). Research has shown that Nakhchivan's arid and sunny climate, and its light, well-drained soils, create optimal conditions for saffron's development. Mild temperatures, particularly during the autumn months, extend the flowering period, positively affecting both yield and the quality of the stigmas. At the same time, the proper application of agronomic measures, such as sowing depth, irrigation regime, and the regular renewal of corms, plays a crucial role in maintaining yields. Research also shows that the quality characteristics of saffron vary depending on the cultivation conditions. Furthermore, the slow rate of vegetative propagation and a low level of mechanisation have been identified as the main factors hindering the expansion of production. In the Nakhchivan region, sufficient corm reserves have not been established for the commercial cultivation of saffron. For this reason, there remains a need to secure planting material (corms) from external sources to expand production. The saffron plant is propagated by corms, not by seeds. These bulbs are planted in the ground and bloom in the autumn, typically between October and November. Inside each flower are three slender, deep-red stigmas, and it is this part that is dried to form saffron, one of the most expensive spices in the world. The correct assessment of agro-climatic factors, the application of modern biotechnological approaches, and the use of scientifically-based agronomic methods are considered a promising direction for increasing the yield and quality of saffron.