Challenges in Healthcare Access and Social Inclusion of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: Evidence from Kazakhstan and International Studies

Abstract

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition with a steadily increasing global prevalence. Despite advances in early diagnosis and intervention, children with ASD and their families continue to face significant challenges related to healthcare access, social inclusion, and stigma. These challenges are particularly pronounced in low- and middle-income countries but remain relevant worldwide. This narrative literature review synthesizes evidence on social, medical, and structural barriers affecting children with ASD, with a focus on healthcare access, comorbidity-related medical vulnerability, and public stigma in Kazakhstan and internationally. Databases including PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, eLIBRARY.ru, and KazNEB were searched for Russian- and English-language publications Access to ASD-specific services—such as early intervention, behavioral therapy, and speech and neuropsychological support—remains limited due to shortages of trained specialists, long waiting lists, and high out-of-pocket costs. Children with ASD frequently have comorbid chronic conditions, increasing their need for general healthcare, yet health systems are often poorly adapted to their sensory, communicative, and behavioral needs. Persistent stigma across social, educational, and medical settings further restricts access to care, while socioeconomic inequalities exacerbate disparities. Overall, children with ASD, particularly those with comorbidities, constitute a highly medically vulnerable population. Addressing these challenges requires integrated policy approaches, workforce development, expansion of publicly funded services, and targeted efforts to improve public awareness and reduce stigma.