Drug Delivery With Metal–Organic Frameworks

Abstract

More than 100 000 metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have already been experimentally reported, and new structures continue to emerge every year. While they were originally developed as porous materials for gas storage and separation, MOFs attracted attention early on for biomedical applications due to their ability to encapsulate and transport therapeutic cargos. Consequently, MOF nanoparticles have been increasingly investigated for drug delivery over the past two decades, particularly in cancer research. With the first MOF‐based therapies advancing into human trials in recent years, clinical candidates highlight both the maturity of the technology and the significant opportunities that remain for further development. In this minireview, we discuss how MOFs are being developed to deliver small molecules, macromolecules, and metal‐based drugs in the management of human diseases. We also highlight key challenges that must be addressed to further demonstrate the biomedical potential of these materials. In particular, we emphasize the need for clearer design principles, improved reproducibility, and a better understanding of the biological interactions that ultimately govern the performance and safety of MOF‐based drug delivery systems.