Artificial intelligence in maternal and child health: Current applications, translational gaps, and future research priorities

Abstract

Artificial intelligence (AI) is rapidly transforming healthcare, with growing impact on maternal and child health (MCH) through advances in machine learning, deep learning, computer vision, generative models, and conversational systems. This article provides a comprehensive synthesis of current AI applications in MCH, structured across six key domains: predictive modeling, image analysis, deep learning and interpretability, generative and multi-omics approaches, conversational AI, and environmental and lifestyle analytics. Drawing on recent literature and the translational experience of the Spanish RICORS-SAMID network, we analyze how these technologies are being integrated into clinical, preventive, and assistive workflows. Across domains, AI demonstrates strong potential for early risk prediction (e.g., preeclampsia, fetal growth restriction, neonatal outcomes), automated image interpretation, biomarker discovery, and personalized decision support. However, despite promising performance metrics, most systems remain at the proof-of-concept stage, with limited external validation, scarce prospective evaluation, and incomplete integration into real-world clinical pathways. Key translational gaps include data heterogeneity, lack of interoperability, insufficient explainability, and challenges related to bias, fairness, and regulatory compliance. We argue that the next phase of AI in MCH must shift from static prediction toward longitudinal, mechanism-aware, and clinically actionable systems, supported by robust validation and multidisciplinary collaboration. Particular emphasis is placed on equity, as the benefits of AI must extend to low-resource settings where maternal and neonatal morbidity remains highest. By bridging technical innovation with clinical implementation, coordinated research networks such as RICORS can play a critical role in accelerating the safe, effective, and equitable deployment of AI in maternal and child healthcare.