Neuro‐Immune Interaction: A New Therapeutic Target for Cardiovascular Diseases

Abstract

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, underscoring the need for integrative pathophysiological frameworks beyond cardiomyocyte‐centered models. This review summarizes recent advances in cardiac neuroimmunology and examines how interactions among the nervous, immune, and cardiovascular systems contribute to the onset and progression of CVD. We focus on neuroimmune mechanisms involved in major cardiovascular disorders, including atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, heart failure (HF), myocarditis, and arrhythmias. Autonomic innervation, immune cell dynamics, neurotransmitter–cytokine signaling, and neural reflex circuits collectively regulate cardiac homeostasis. Disruption of these feedback systems induces autonomic imbalance and persistent immune activation, promoting inflammation, adverse remodeling, and electrical instability. These processes interact dynamically across disease stages. Immune cells not only mediate inflammation but also modulate neural activity and myocardial electrophysiology, indicating functional integration of neuroimmune signaling in cardiovascular pathology. CVD is increasingly recognized as a consequence of maladaptive neuroimmune interactions rather than isolated dysfunction of cardiac, neural, or immune components. By integrating disease‐specific mechanisms with emerging neuromodulatory strategies, this review supports the development of precision therapies targeting the neuroimmune axis.