Know-Thy-Not: Training-Free Targeted Negation in Dual-Encoder Vision-Language Models
DoYoung KimChangkyu ChoiAd\'in Ram\'irez RiveraYunSeok ChoiJee-Hyong Lee
Oct 2026
Artificial IntelligenceComputer Vision
Abstract
Dual-encoder vision-language models systematically fail at negation, scoring ''a cat without a dog'' nearly identically to ''a cat with a dog.'' We show that this failure is inherent to the single-embedding framework. Under contrastive training, single-embedding methods can at best ignore the negated concept (dilution) but never penalize its presence (rejection). We propose Know-Thy-Not (KTN), a training-free method that introduces an image-side rejection dimension to penalize the negated concept directly in the visual representation. We also introduce COCO-Confusion, the first benchmark requiring genuine rejection to succeed. Across 9 backbones, KTN improves COCO-Confusion mAP by up to +25.6 over vanilla VLMs and +9.6 over the strongest existing method.
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