GraphACM: Graph-based Action Consistency Measurement for Uncertainty Quantification in LLM Agents

Abstract

Behavioral consistency across repeated executions provides an informative signal for assessing the reliability of large language model (LLM) agents. However, existing approaches typically summarize consistency with a single task-level score, without identifying where behavioral differences occur or whether actions are compared under equivalent decision contexts. We propose a graph-based framework for fine-grained behavioral consistency measurement and uncertainty quantification. Given multiple rollouts of the same task, we merge equivalent states into a directed, action-labeled graph, enabling action comparisons at shared decision states. We introduce node-level and global measures of action consistency, using the global consistency score as a proxy for uncertainty to predict task success or failure. Experiments across three LLMs on ALFWorld, AppWorld, and WebShop demonstrate that our measure is positively associated with task success and achieves an average AUROC of 0.811 for task-success prediction, outperforming the strongest behavioral-consistency baseline (0.729) and verbalized confidence (0.769). These results highlight the effectiveness of state-conditioned behavioral consistency and pinpoint where agent actions agree.