Jul 2026· Indian Journal of Animal Research· 0 citations· 49 references
TL;DR
This review critically synthesizes recent advances in the epidemiology, genomics, pathogenesis, diagnostics, therapeutics, vaccine development and integrated one health control strategies of anaplasmosis in animals to address the evolving epidemiology of this economically and zoonotically important disease.
Abstract
Anaplasmosis is an important tick-borne disease affecting livestock, companion animals, wildlife and humans worldwide. The disease is caused by obligate intracellular bacteria of the genus Anaplasma, which infect different hematopoietic cells and produce diverse clinical manifestations depending on the host species, pathogen strain, immune status and environmental conditions. In recent years, the epidemiology of anaplasmosis has evolved considerably because of climate change, expansion of tick vectors, increasing animal movement, emergence of novel Anaplasma species and growing zoonotic concerns. Advances in molecular epidemiology, genomics and diagnostic technologies have improved understanding of pathogen diversity, host-pathogen interactions and disease transmission dynamics. This review critically synthesizes recent advances in the epidemiology, genomics, pathogenesis, diagnostics, therapeutics, vaccine development and integrated one health control strategies of anaplasmosis in animals. Recent molecular studies have revealed substantial genetic diversity among circulating Anaplasma isolates and highlighted the emergence of zoonotic species such as Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Anaplasma capra. The pathogenesis of anaplasmosis involves sophisticated immune evasion mechanisms including antigenic variation, intracellular persistence, apoptosis inhibition and modulation of host immune signaling pathways. Molecular diagnostics such as polymerase chain reaction and next-generation sequencing have improved detection sensitivity, limitations remain in field applicability and carrier-state detection. Therapeutic management continues to rely primarily on tetracyclines; however, persistent carrier states, antimicrobial resistance concerns and incomplete pathogen clearance remain major challenges. Integrated control strategies involving vector management, vaccination, surveillance, biosecurity and climate-resilient approaches are essential for sustainable disease control. Anaplasmosis remains a major constraint to livestock productivity and public health globally. Future control will depend on integrated multidisciplinary approaches combining molecular surveillance, precision diagnostics, vaccine innovation, vector ecology and One Health policy frameworks to address the evolving epidemiology of this economically and zoonotically important disease.
Practical advances most relevant to veterinary practice are highlighted: genetic markers that may contribute to breeding programs after independent validation to produce naturally resistant cattle, goats, sheep, and buffalo, and gene-expression signatures that may sharpen diagnosis and disease staging.
Abdul Qadeer, M. Tharwat, Ibrahim F. Halawani et al.· Veterinary Sciences· 0 citations
This review systematically synthesizes key advances over the past decade concerning host-Eimeria interactions, molecular regulatory mechanisms, and novel control strategies, while contextualizing these findings with earlier seminal discoveries.
Hantaviruses are zoonotic RNA viruses belonging to the family Hantaviridae, primarily transmitted to humans through rodent reservoirs. These viruses cause two major clinical syndromes in humans: hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) and hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS). Due to their high mortality rates, potential for global spread, and the lack of specific antiviral therapies, hantaviruses are regarded as significant public health threats. In recent years, advances in molecular virology, immunology, structural biology, and vaccine technologies have provided important insights into hantavirus pathogenesis and host–virus interactions. Current research has increasingly focused on host-targeted antiviral strategies, TFEB-mediated lysosomal degradation mechanisms, monoclonal antibody therapies, and mRNA-based vaccine platforms. In addition, advanced molecular diagnostic methods and metagenomic surveillance systems have improved opportunities for early diagnosis. This review comprehensively summarizes the current literature regarding the epidemiology, virology, pathogenesis, immune responses, clinical manifestations
Çağnur Elpen Kodaz· Eurasian Journal of Medical...· 0 citations
Rickettsial diseases represent a major cause of arthropod-borne febrile illness in the Mediterranean basin, where climatic conditions, vector ecology, and close human–animal interactions promote the circulation of a wide diversity of Rickettsia species. In recent years, advances in microbial genomics and molecular diagnostics have substantially refined rickettsial taxonomy, clarified phylogenetic relationships across the Spotted Fever, Typhus, and Transitional Groups, and enhanced recognition of emerging pathogens. This narrative review provides an updated synthesis of rickettsial infections in the Mediterranean region, integrating microbiological, genomic, epidemiological, clinical, diagnostic, and therapeutic evidence. Mediterranean rickettsioses comprise a heterogeneous group of tick- and flea-borne infections caused by both well-established pathogens, such as Rickettsia conorii, and increasingly recognized species including R. aeschlimannii, R. massiliae, R. monacensis, and R. felis. Genomic and phylogenetic studies have identified distinct clades and key virulence determinants involved in host-cell entry, intracellular survival, endothelial damage, and vector adaptation. Rickettsial diseases in the Mediterranean basin are evolving in response to climate-driven vector expansion, increasing pathogen diversity, and improved molecular detection methods. Clinically, disease manifestations range from the classical fever–rash–eschar presentation to severe forms with neurological, renal, cardiac, pulmonary, and ocular involvement, as well as hyperinflammatory syndromes such as hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Molecular assays performed on eschar or skin samples provide the highest diagnostic yield during the acute phase, whereas serological testing is limited by delayed antibody responses and cross-reactivity. Early treatment with doxycycline remains the most effective therapeutic strategy, while evidence supporting alternative agents and management in special populations, including children and pregnant women, remains limited. Nonetheless, important gaps persist in diagnostic accessibility, epidemiological surveillance, and data from vulnerable populations. Integrating advances in microbiology, molecular epidemiology, and a One Health framework is essential to improve diagnosis, inform clinical decision-making, and reduce the burden of rickettsioses in the Mediterranean region.
Giulio D’Agati, L. Pipitò, C. Iaria et al.· Current Tropical Medicine Re...· 0 citations
Hantaviruses are rodent-borne zoonotic pathogens responsible for two major clinical syndromes: Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome and hantavirus pulmonary syndrome/cardiopulmonary syndrome. Although significant progress has been achieved in hantavirus research over recent decades, major challenges remain in surveillance, diagnostics, therapeutics, and vaccine development. This review comprehensively synthesizes current evidence on hantavirus virology, taxonomy, reservoir ecology, transmission dynamics, global epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, prevention, and One Health surveillance strategies. Particular emphasis is placed on the immunopathological mechanisms underlying endothelial dysfunction and vascular hyperpermeability, the hallmark features of severe disease. The review further explores how climate variability, land-use change, biodiversity loss, and rodent population dynamics shape spillover risk and geographic expansion. Current diagnostic approaches, including serology, RT-PCR, and next-generation sequencing, are critically evaluated alongside emerging point-of-care technologies. Therapeutic limitations are highlighted, particularly the absence of universally effective antivirals and globally approved vaccines. Key research gaps identified include inadequate surveillance in South Asia and Africa, insufficient understanding of Andes virus human-to-human transmission, limited validation of rapid diagnostics, and unresolved mechanisms of immune- mediated pathology. Adopting a One Health perspective, this review proposes priority research and public health directions to strengthen global preparedness, improve outbreak prediction, and accelerate development of effective diagnostics, therapeutics, and vaccines against hantavirus disease.
M. R. Bhuiyan· Asian Pacific Journal of Tro...· 0 citations
Emerging zoonotic diseases have become an increasing concern for global health due to the rising incidence of pathogen transmission from animals to humans. The present study aimed to comprehensively synthesize the current knowledge on zoonotic disease outbreaks and transmission, with a specific focus on evaluating the role, applications, advantages, and limitations of laboratory animal models in this field. A peer-reviewed literature search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar for studies published between 2000 and 2026, supplemented by earlier pivotal studies. The current study evaluated a range of models, including conventional, humanized, and transgenic mice, hamsters, ferrets, guinea pigs, rabbits, non-human primates, and emerging alternatives, focusing on their utility, strengths, and drawbacks for studying host-pathogen interactions, immune responses, tissue tropism, and disease progression. The present study underscored the importance of animal models in the preclinical assessment of antiviral agents, vaccines, monoclonal antibodies, and innovative therapeutic strategies. Recent outbreaks caused by pathogens such as SARS-CoV-2, Nipah virus, H5N1 influenza virus, Mpox virus, Ebola virus, Marburg virus, hantavirus, and Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus have highlighted the urgent necessity to enhance comprehension of zoonotic disease emergence and transmission. The current challenges included species-specific differences, translational limitations, reproducibility, and ethical considerations, as well as emerging alternatives such as organoids, organ-on-chip platforms, and computational modeling, all of which were addressed in the present findings. Integrating advanced animal models with One Health approaches can strengthen disease surveillance and accelerate therapeutic development.
Seyed Mohsen Mousavi Fard, A. Sarani, M. Manian et al.· Journal of Lab Animal Resear...· 0 citations
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