Effectiveness of Neem Leaf Extract (Azadirachta indica A. Juss.) on Vibrio parahaemolyticus Bacteria Attacking White Shrimp (Panaeus vannamei)

Abstract

Acute Hepatopancreatic Necrosis Disease (AHPND), caused by Vibrio parahaemolyticus, can result in 100% shrimp mortality. Neem leaves (Azadirachta indica A. Juss.) contain bioactive compounds with antimicrobial potential as alternative to synthetic antibacterials. This study evaluated the efficacy of neem leaf extract against V. parahaemolyticus infection in whiteleg shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) using a randomized design with four treatments: A (control), B (12.5 mg mL⁻¹), C (25 mg mL⁻¹), and D (50 mg mL⁻¹). The results of this study indicate that the use of neem leaf extract can have significant effect on the survival rate (SR) up to 80.00 ± 0.82% at a concentration of 50 mg mL⁻¹, 66.67 ± 1.25% at a concentration of 25 mg mL⁻¹, and 53.33 ± 1.25% at a concentration of 12.5 mg mL⁻¹ compared to the control, which is only 26.67 ± 1.25%, and the specific growth rate (SGR) with the highest percentage of 32.04 ± 0.93% at a concentration of 50 mg mL⁻¹, 29.57 ± 0.39% at a concentration of 25 mg mL⁻¹, and 26.27 ± 0.93% at a concentration of 12.5 mg mL⁻¹ compared to the control treatment, which is only 20.52 ± 0.72%, reducing clinical symptoms and reducing the number of colonies of Vibrio sp. bacteria in the hepatopancreas of shrimp up to 2.9 x 105 at a concentration of 50 mg mL⁻¹. The results of this study indicate that neem leaf extract can be developed as an alternative antibacterial against V. parahaemolyticus infections in Pacific white shrimp (P. vannamei).