It is found that COVID-19 vaccination was protective against Long COVID, and a significant waning of this protection within seven months after vaccination was observed.
Abstract
Summary Background Vaccination is a vital tool in preventing acute COVID-19 and may confer additional protection against Long COVID, although it is unclear whether this protection wanes over time. Methods We assessed electronic health record (EHR) data from a national, retrospective cohort of patients, comparing the 12-month cumulative incidence of Long COVID (ICD-10 code U09.9) among (A) patients who were vaccinated versus unvaccinated (two or more versus zero doses) and (B) patients diagnosed with acute COVID-19 1–3 months, 3–5 months, or 5–7 months after vaccination. Findings In our binary cohort (n = 519,980), we found that patients who were vaccinated had a lower risk of Long COVID (adjusted risk ratio 0.84 (0.81, 0.88)) or mortality (adjusted risk ratio 0.83 (0.81, 0.86)) than patients who were unvaccinated. In our longitudinal cohort (n = 1,085,291), we did not find significant heterogeneity in Long COVID risk during the seven months following vaccination. Interpretation We found that COVID-19 vaccination was protective against Long COVID, and we did not observe a significant waning of this protection within seven months after vaccination. Funding This research was financially supported by the 10.13039/100000060National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (1K01AI182501 to Zachary Butzin-Dozier) and a Global Development grant (OPP1165144) from the 10.13039/100000865Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation to the 10.13039/100005595University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA. Individual authors were supported by the following funding sources: 10.13039/100000025NIMHR01131542 (PI Rena C. Patel), Jerrod Anzalone is supported by the 10.13039/100000057National Institute of General Medical Sciences, U54 GM115458, which funds the Great Plains IDeA-CTR Network. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the NIH.
Targeted communication, such as risk-stacking to improve risk-awareness, harmonized eligibility criteria, and co-administration, may help overcome remaining vaccination barriers in high-risk individuals.
Lucas Grape, Wilma Persson, Adam Sergejev et al.· 0 citations
Targeted communication, such as risk-stacking to improve risk-awareness, harmonized eligibility criteria, and co-administration, may help overcome remaining vaccination barriers in high-risk individuals.
Lucas Grape, Wilma Persson, Adam Sergejev et al.· Human Vaccines & Immunothera...· 0 citations
During the COVID-19 pandemic, vaccinations were highly beneficial to public health, preventing disease and reducing mortality. This study aimed to investigate long-term adverse clinical symptoms following COVID-19 vaccination with the Oxford AstraZeneca (ChAdOx1 nCoV-19, Oxford), Pfizer-BioNTech (BNT162b2), and Moderna (mRNA-1273) vaccines. In this cross-sectional study, the total number of participants was 429; among them, 243 (56.6%) were male, and 186 (43.4%) were female. An online Google Form was prepared in both Arabic and English and distributed to participants who received the Oxford AstraZeneca, Pfizer-BioNTech, and Moderna vaccines. The most common long-term adverse effects reported after COVID-19 vaccination were chronic fatigue, impaired cognitive function, and menstrual irregularity. The Moderna vaccine had a higher self-reported symptom rate among male participants (50–61.5%) than among female participants (33.3–28%). Chronic fatigue was more frequent among Oxford AstraZeneca recipients (34.7%) than among Moderna (22.2%) and Pfizer-BioNTech (27.7%) recipients. The second dose was associated with slightly higher rates of chronic fatigue among Oxford AstraZeneca recipients (38.9%) than among Moderna (25%) and Pfizer-BioNTech recipients (27.3%). For cognitive problems, the prevalence was similar across all brands (25%). Menstrual irregularity was slightly higher among females who received Pfizer-BioNTech (14.8%) than among Oxford AstraZeneca recipients (18.9%). The highest proportion of recipients who were infected after vaccination was among those who received the Oxford AstraZeneca vaccine (46.3%). In conclusion, the most commonly reported long-term adverse effects after COVID-19 vaccination were chronic fatigue, cognitive impairment, and menstrual irregularity. Further large-scale studies are required to provide more conclusive evidence.
A lower likelihood of subsequent COVID-19 booster uptake after experiencing systemic AE, particularly when severe or prolonged, or when experiencing a severe local AE is found, underscore the need to address experienced AE in communication strategies, as this may influence the success of vaccination campaigns.
Anne J. Huiberts, Maud M J Smits, C. Hoeve et al.· Vaccine· 0 citations
BACKGROUND
Although the impact of COVID-19 vaccination is widely documented in the general population, the evidence on its effectiveness in children under 5 years of age is still limited. In this context, the continuation of vaccination programs in this age group has been debated globally. Consequently, we estimated the effectiveness of the complete 3-dose series of BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech) in children aged 6 months to 4 years and the complete 2-dose series of CoronaVac (Sinovac) in children aged 3 to 4 in reducing the risk of hospitalizations due to COVID-19-attributed severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) in Brazil.
METHODS
We conducted a retrospective cohort study in 24 Brazilian municipalities, using surveillance data. We evaluated vaccine effectiveness in reducing the incidence rate of COVID-19-attributed SARI hospitalizations from July 2023 to December 2024. Covariate adjustments, defined a priori based on a conceptual model, were implemented using random-effects Poisson regression models.
RESULTS
The cohort comprised 37.7 million person-months of follow-up and 1384 COVID-19-attributed SARI hospitalizations, including 27 associated deaths. The 3-dose series of BNT162b2 vaccine had an effectiveness of 97% (Incidence rate ratio [IRR] 0.03, 95% CI 0.01-0.10) in the group aged 6 months to 4 years, with no significant differences among age-specific estimates. The effectiveness of CoronaVac was small and not statistically significant (IRR 0.96, 95% CI 0.57-1.62).
CONCLUSIONS
In this population-based cohort, completion of the 3-dose BNT162b2 primary series was associated with substantially lower rates of COVID-19-attributed SARI among children aged 6 months to 4 years.
I. N. Schrarstzhaupt, F. A. Diaz-Quijano· Vaccine· 0 citations
BACKGROUND
Whether COVID-19 vaccination is associated with lower long-term cardiovascular risk after SARS-CoV-2 infection and how much infection prevention mediates this association remain unclear.
OBJECTIVE
To evaluate associations of vaccination, including its timing relative to SARS-CoV-2 infection, with post-COVID-19 cardiovascular disease (CVD), and quantify the contribution of infection prevention.
METHODS
This statewide population-based cohort study used linked administrative health data for 2,391,456 adults in Victoria, Australia (2019-2025). Associations of pre- or post-infection vaccination with major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE; primary outcome), stroke, heart failure, acute myocardial infarction (AMI), acute coronary syndrome (ACS), atrial fibrillation (AF), and venous thromboembolism (VTE) were evaluated using time-varying Cox proportional hazards regression, causal mediation analysis, and target trial emulation.
RESULTS
Vaccination was associated with lower hazards of MACE and all secondary outcomes. Estimated absolute risk reductions for MACE were 0.21% with pre-infection vaccination and 0.24% with post-infection vaccination. Three or more vaccine doses were associated with progressively lower hazards across cardiovascular outcomes. Mediation analysis suggested that approximately 68% of the estimated association between vaccination and lower post-COVID cardiovascular risk was not explained by prevention of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
CONCLUSION
Vaccination before or after SARS-CoV-2 infection was associated with lower hazards of post-COVID-19 cardiovascular outcomes, with stronger observed associations at higher dose numbers. Most of the estimated association was not explained by infection prevention alone. These findings support COVID-19 vaccination as an important component of strategies to reduce the burden of post-COVID-19 CVD while highlighting the need for further studies to clarify the mechanisms underlying these associations.
B. Seboka, D. Magliano, T. Marwick et al.· European Heart Journal - Qua...· 0 citations
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