MAMath-Bench: Process-Aware and Robust Evaluation of Multimodal Multi-Agent Mathematical Reasoning

Abstract

Mathematical reasoning is a fundamental capability for educational applications of Large Language Models (LLMs), where reliable problem solving requires not only correct answers but also coherent and verifiable reasoning processes. Multi-agent systems (MASs) have shown growing potential in this domain by leveraging collaboration and verification among multiple LLM agents. However, existing evaluations primarily focus on the correctness of final answers in text-only settings, offering limited insight into multimodal reasoning capabilities, the reliability of intermediate reasoning steps, and robustness against reasoning errors. To address these limitations, we introduce MAMath-Bench, a process-aware benchmark designed to evaluate the multimodal mathematical reasoning capabilities of MASs. MAMath-Bench comprises 1,003 problems spanning 11 mathematical categories, multiple difficulty levels, and several modalities, including text, images, and audio. It features fine-grained milestone annotations to evaluate systems across three dimensions: problem-solving correctness, reasoning-process reliability, and robustness to adversarial reasoning-chain perturbations. Our evaluation yields three key findings. First, multi-agent collaboration does not consistently improve final-answer accuracy over strong single LLMs. Second, collaboration can substantially enhance the coverage of intermediate reasoning, but such gains may come at the cost of increased reasoning redundancy. Third, current systems remain vulnerable to adversarial reasoning errors, particularly those involving subtle structural perturbations. The dataset is available at https://github.com/mira-ai-lab/AgentMath.