HOLogicBench: Evaluating Higher-Order Logical Reasoning in LLMs
Yucheng WuJundong XuMingzhen JuYue YuChenpeng WangHaoxuan LiLiangming Pan
Oct 2026
Artificial Intelligence
Abstract
Existing LLM logical-reasoning benchmarks largely focus on object-level inference under fixed predicates and rules, leaving higher-order reasoning over rules and policies underexplored. We introduce HOLogicBench, a 1,379-instance benchmark that systematically evaluates five representative higher-order reasoning operations, with Isabelle/HOL formalizations and proof-verified answers. Beyond answer accuracy, HOLogicBench provides solver-verified reference reasoning paths for each instance, enabling fine-grained evaluation of model-generated reasoning against valid derivations. Across 16 model configurations, average accuracy is 53.86\%, with the best configuration reaching 65.99\%. Further analyses reveal that LLMs exhibit limited alignment with valid derivations, remain vulnerable to minimal counterfactual perturbations, and display distinct failure patterns across higher-order reasoning types.
This paper investigates developing real-world perception for active agents, proposes Gibson Environment for this purpose, and showcases a set of perceptual tasks learned therein.
F. Xia, Amir Zamir, Zhi-Yang He et al.· 2018 IEEE/CVF Conference on...· 1,069 citations· ⚡112
GAOKAO-Bench is introduced, an intuitive benchmark that employs questions from the Chinese GAOKAO examination as test samples, including both subjective and objective questions that contribute a robust evaluation benchmark for future large language models and offers valuable insights into the advantages and limitations...
Xiaotian Zhang, Chun-yan Li, Yi Zong et al.· arXiv.org· 216 citations· ⚡17
An algorithm is proposed which leverages disentangled semantic factors to generate adversarial perturbation by altering controlled semantic attributes to fool the learner towards various "adversarial" targets.
Haonan Qiu, Chaowei Xiao, Lei Yang et al.· arXiv.org· 208 citations· ⚡17
This work proposes a HALO that directly maximizes the utility of generations instead of maximizing the log-likelihood of preferences, and suggests that the best loss depends on the inductive biases most appropriate for a given setting, an oft-overlooked consideration.
This work investigates the possibilities of using LLMs in a resume screening setting via a document retrieval framework that simulates job candidate selection and finds that the MTEs are biased, significantly favoring White-associated names in 85% of cases and female-associated names in only 11.1% of cases.
This work shows that orders of magnitude enhancement in performance could be obtained by a combination of hardware improvements and tight quantum-HPC integration and introduces high-performance architectures for quantum-probabilistic computing with custom-designed accelerators to tackle today's industry-scale classical...
Masoud Mohseni, Artur Scherer, K. Johnson et al.· arXiv.org· 121 citations· ⚡9
