This review of hybrid quantum neural networks for the machine-learning and quantum-machine-learning communities provides a structured view of the state of the field and helps identify promising paths for future research and application-driven development.
Abstract
Artificial intelligence has been transformed by deep neural networks, yet the search for new learning architectures continues. Quantum machine learning offers one such direction, and hybrid quantum neural networks, which combine classical neural-network components with quantum information processing units, have emerged as a practical framework for near-term quantum technologies. However, the rapid development of the field across diverse architectures, benchmarks and hardware assumptions makes it difficult to assess the utility of various proposals, identify where genuine advantages may arise, and determine how practitioners can use these models. While recent benchmarks caution that such gains have not yet been demonstrated at scale, theoretical work has identified tasks on which quantum models hold provable advantages, and hybrid approaches have delivered promising results on practical problems using deliberately compact quantum components and substantially fewer trainable parameters. Here, we review hybrid quantum neural networks for the machine-learning and quantum-machine-learning communities. We summarize their main theoretical and methodological foundations, survey some of the most promising architectures developed so far, and examine their implementation challenges and reported performance. By consolidating these perspectives, this review provides a structured view of the state of the field and helps identify promising paths for future research and application-driven development.
Quantum neural networks are a prominent model of quantum machine learning. Their training consists in the minimization of a given loss function over a parametrized family of quantum circuits, mathematically described by unitary operators, or, more generally, completely positive linear maps. In this work, we extend the notion of quantum neural network, using random sampling and classical data processing to enlarge the optimization space in a way that includes linear combinations of completely positive maps. Our extended model, called virtual quantum neural networks, leverages its enlarged optimization space to achieve increased expressivity and improved noise robustness. These benefits are illustrated in three representative tasks: quantum error mitigation, binary classification, and estimation of ground-state energies. Overall, virtual quantum neural networks offer a flexible learning paradigm that expands the space of achievable computations and strengthens the applications of near-term quantum hardware.
Ben-Chi Zhao, Xuanqiang Zhao, Yi-Nan Li et al.· 0 citations
This survey provides a comprehensive overview of the theoretical foundations, unified taxonomy, and key methodologies in QML, and discusses quantum data encoding techniques, variational quantum models, neural-inspired quantum architectures, and quantum data learning approaches, along with their associated challenges and limitations.
Ashis Kumar Pati, Rajesh Vayyala, K. Mohanty et al.· IEEE Access· 0 citations
A conceptual and integrative review of how principles from quantum physics superposition, entanglement, and interference can be embedded into machine learning pipelines to reshape computational paradigms for classification, optimization, and representation learning is presented.
Mohammad Wali Khurami, Musawer Hakimi· Buana Information Technology...· 0 citations
The development of quantum technologies opens new possibilities for the optimization of machine learning (ML) algorithms. In this contribution, we report on the experimental use of quantum computing for training ML algorithms and models designed to be deployed for inference on embedded systems with limited computational resources. Due to the small size of resource-efficient models for embedded systems, this application of quantum computing provides an excellent opportunity to evaluate a technology that is currently being developed in the noisy intermediate-scale quantum era. We develop an approach based on transforming classical supervised learning problems into a discrete form, enabling their solution using quantum annealing (QA) methods. Three models are presented: a binary XNORNet network, a support vector machine (SVM) with a discrete representation of dual coefficients, and a convolutional neural network. All experiments are performed on the MNIST dataset, using classical optimization methods, simulated annealing, and QA on the D-Wave Advantage system. While classical gradientbased methods maintain superior absolute accuracy (up to 95.97% for SVM), the D-Wave system demonstrates a significant reduction in core optimization time, achieving speedups of up to 15.6× compared to classical optimization on a central processing unit when the system overhead is excluded. Preliminary results suggest that while QA entails a slight accuracy and memory requirements penalty, a drastic reduction in active annealing duration serves as a promising strategy to reduce training latency in future embedded-focused ML applications.
Michał Mańkowski, Bartosz Zwoliński, Arkadiusz Lewandowski et al.· International Conference on...· 0 citations
It is concluded that quantum utility is unlikely to lie in tasks involving natural language processing under current architectures, but rather in certain computational subroutines of quantum-mechanical spaces of quantum-mechanical spaces.
Diljot Singh, O. J, Smrithy G. S.· Frontiers in Artificial Inte...· 0 citations
Quantum neural networks (QNNs), one of the fundamental algorithms in quantum machine learning, have been widely used in classification and identification tasks. However, the capabilities of QNNs are constrained by their size, which is determined by the dimension of the Hilbert space of the underlying quantum processor. Multi-level quantum digits (qudits) offer access to a higher-dimensional Hilbert space compared to two-level qubits, enabling the construction of more expressive QNNs. In this work, we report an experimental demonstration of qudit-based QNN using a trapped $\rm ^{40}Ca^+$ ion. We train the QNN using a hybrid quantum-classical implementation of backpropagation and achieve an experimental classification accuracy of $95.7\%$ on a test image set. This demonstration highlights the potential of qudit-based processors to QNN architectures and provides a framework for implementing qudit-based QNNs across various quantum devices.
Yi-Bo Yuan, Zhuo-Yue Xu, Zhen-Yu Du et al.· 0 citations
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