Solar-driven artificial hybrid systems for beyond natural biotransformation

Abstract

Biotransformation plays a crucial role in addressing global challenges related to resource utilization and energy sustainability. Natural processes, such as photosynthesis and microbial metabolism, transform external resources into functional compounds. However, these processes are often constrained by inefficiencies, slow reaction rates, and limited product diversity. Recent advancements across the physical, chemical, and biological sciences have led to the convergence of natural and artificial strategies that effectively tackle these challenges. These developments, alongside progress in artificial photosynthesis, offer solutions for CO2 reduction, N2 fixation, and sustainable chemical production, thereby broadening the scope of biotransformation beyond traditional natural processes. Herein, we first introduce recent representative achievements in resolving the structures and catalytic mechanisms of proteins/protein complexes/enzymes involved in natural biotransformation processes. Our review then highlights natural photosynthesis-inspired organic-biological hybrid systems, focusing on the conversion of CO2 and N2 as well as the diverse range of value-added products they enable. Furthermore, this paper will explore the potential of artificial photosynthesis systems, examining their integration and applications in advancing biotransformation processes. Finally, we discuss key challenges and propose future strategies to advance research in this field. The ongoing advancements in artificial systems hold immense promise for revolutionizing and paving the way for a sustainable future that extends beyond natural biotransformation.