Climate-driven glacier retreat in the Sair Uul massif, Mongolian Altai (1977–2025): remote sensing, climate analysis, and field validation

CLIMATE CLASSIFICATION OF THE PARNAÍBA RIVER BASIN FOR THE 1961–1990 AND 1991–2020 CLIMATOLOGICAL NORMAL PERIODS: A PIXEL-BY-PIXEL APPROACH USING REANALYSIS DATA

The Parnaíba River Basin (PRB) is characterized by marked geoenvironmental diversity and high vulnerability to meteorological variability. Amid ongoing regional warming and the scarcity of in situ observational data, existing static climate maps have become outdated. This study aimed to update the climate classificatio...

Spatiotemporal Assessment of Baltoro Glacier Snow-Cover Dynamics: Relevance to Indus Basin Water Resources and Irrigation

Glaciers of the Karakoram feed the Upper Indus, whose meltwater supports one of the largest irrigation systems in the world and, through it, the soils and crops of Pakistan. This study assessed the change in snow-covered surface of Baltoro Glacier between 2000 and 2020 and tested its relationship with temperature and p...

Investigation of glacier mass balance based on multi-source observation in the Karakoram over the past 25 years

The “Karakoram Anomaly” — the atypical stability of glaciers in a warming climate—has introduced considerable uncertainty into projections of regional water resources. However, the resilience of this anomaly under sustained climate forcing remains poorly quantified. In this study, multi-source geodetic data (ASTER, NAS...

Supplementary Information for Changing snowmelt and glacier-melt contributions reshape hydrological dynamics and flood generation in a high-mountain headwater basin

Drought, conflict, and recovery: Disentangling the drivers of vegetation dynamics and surface temperature change in Kirkuk Governorate, Iraq (2000-2024)

This study presents a 24-year spatiotemporal analysis of vegetation dynamics and land surface temperature (LST) in Kirkuk Governorate, northern Iraq, from 2000 to 2024. MODIS NDVI (MOD13Q1), MODIS LST (MOD11A2), and CHIRPS rainfall data were processed in Google Earth Engine to assess environmental change across four ph...

Assessing river-induced land area dynamics and NDVI-based vegetation conditions in Dibru-Saikhowa National Park (1964–2024) using remote sensing and geospatial techniques