The Korean adnominal ending \texttt{ETM} occurs in diverse noun-modifying constructions, including relative-clause-like modifiers, adjectival and copular forms, bound-noun constructions, and lexicalized expressions. This paper argues that \texttt{ETM} is not a direct marker of relative-clause structure, but a morphological exponent shared by several adnominal constructions. We propose a corpus-based typology that distinguishes these constructions using predicate type, auxiliary structure, argument-structural compatibility, head-noun restriction, and lexicalized patterns. We operationalize the typology as a construction-sensitive annotation layer for the KLUE dependency treebank, implemented through an ordered rule-based procedure and evaluated by manual validation. Productive relative-clause-like uses account for 39.4\% of the analyzed instances; the remainder consists mainly of adjectival, copular, bound-nominal, modal, temporal, and collocational constructions. The findings show that Korean relative-clause-like modification cannot be identified from adnominal morphology alone.
This paper proposes that nominalization structures in early Japanese and Korean display syntagmatic parallels in three important inflections and/or suffixes: a base adnominal inflection *-r (and its agentively-marked variant *-or), a resultative infinitival and substantivizing inflection *-a, and a nominal suffix *ku e...
A. Francis-Ratte· Japanese/Korean Linguistics· 0 citations
Mandarin Chinese lacks morphological articles, yet speakers reliably distinguish definite from indefinite reference through word order, nominal form, and discourse context. This review critically synthesises the theoretical, corpus-based, and acquisition literature on the definiteness effect in Mandarin, understood bot...
Rui-Jia Zhang, Yan Zhang· Journal of basic and applied...· 0 citations
Mandarin Chinese has an unmarked comparative construction(bare comparative), [NP1+Adj+NP2+MP] (NP1 = comparee, Adj = adjective, NP2 = standard, MP = measure phrase), which lacks an overt comparative marker such as bi (比). This paper aims to demonstrate that this construction is not an elliptical variant of marked comp...
Minjeong So· Korea Association of Chinese...· 0 citations
This study examines the four major word classes (viz. noun, verb, adjective and adverb) in Lohorung, a Kirat Rai (Tibeto-Burman) language of north-eastern Nepal, based on their semantic, syntactic, and morphological properties, based on Givón’s formal and functional approach. Data were collected through elicitation wit...
Diwas Rai· Journal of Indigenous Knowle...· 0 citations
This paper re-examines the syntactic properties of Japanese non-coreferential sentence-final Noun-Copula constructions (Mermaid Constructions, MMCs). I first revisit previous analyses of Japanese MMCs by reconsidering the structural position of the nominative subject. Furthermore, I argue for a non-unified analysis of...
