Disallowed identities and the struggle for linguistic recognition: A survey on gender-inclusive English

Abstract

The growing recognition of nonbinary identities has highlighted significant linguistic gaps in gender-inclusive language (G.I.L.), particularly in English. This study investigates attitudes towards and the use of gender-neutral language in the United Kingdom and the United States, focussing on inclusivity and practical linguistic choices. Based on survey data from 128 participants, the research examines the comprehensibility, feasibility, and necessity of G.I.L., as well as strategies employed in written and spoken communication when addressing mixed-gender groups or when nonbinary individuals are present or expected. The findings reveal a continued reliance on traditional grammatical norms, with gender-neutral alternatives and the singular ‘they’ gaining acceptance but facing ideological and institutional resistance. While nonbinary visibility influences linguistic adaptation, respondents primarily modify their language when explicitly engaging with nonbinary individuals, rather than adopting inclusive forms by default. This study highlights how nonbinary individuals remain ‘disallowed identities’ within dominant linguistic frameworks, demonstrating the role of language in shaping social legitimacy. Despite ongoing resistance to linguistic change, gradual shifts suggest that inclusivity is becoming an increasingly relevant concern in contemporary discourse. The findings contribute to broader discussions on linguistic and social recognition of gender nonconformity, emphasising the tension between traditional language structures and evolving identity categories.