TL;DR
This study enriches mitogenomic resources for Penaeidae and provides new molecular evidence for resolving phylogenetic relationships within Penaeoidea.
The first complete mitogenome of Eurostus validus is reported and indicates that both mutation pressure and natural selection shape codon usage bias, with natural selection playing a dominant role.
The intergeneric attraction of Pammene nemorosa to sex pheromone traps targeting the Oriental fruit moth, Grapholita molesta (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), may compromise the reliability of pest monitoring in apple orchards, yet the evolutionary context of this behavioral overlap remains unclear. Here, we sequenced and characterized the first complete mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) of P. nemorosa and assessed its phylogenetic position within the tribe Grapholitini. The circular mitogenome is 15,457 bp long and contains the canonical set of 37 genes, including 13 protein-coding genes, 22 transfer RNA genes, and two ribosomal RNA genes, with a gene order typical of ditrysian Lepidoptera. The genome exhibits a pronounced A + T bias (80.1%), and its 484-bp control region contains a tandem duplication of an approximately 215-bp sequence unit, with each repeat copy marked by an ATAGA motif. Phylogenetic analyses based on Neighbor-Joining, Maximum Likelihood, and Bayesian Inference consistently recovered P. nemorosa as sister to the Grapholita clade (G. dimorpha + G. molesta), with strong Bayesian support (posterior probability = 0.999), highlighting a potential discordance between its mitochondrial phylogenetic position and its current morphological classification within Pammene. These findings establish the first complete mitogenomic resource for P. nemorosa and provide a phylogenetic framework for interpreting its close evolutionary affinity with Grapholita species. Although mitochondrial data alone cannot establish the functional mechanisms underlying heterospecific pheromone attraction, the genomic resource established here provides a baseline for future integrative studies combining nuclear genomics, transcriptomics, and chemical ecology, and contributes to a broader understanding of the evolutionary relationships and ecological interactions within Grapholitini.
The generic circumscription and taxonomic rank of Thaxterogaster have undergone substantial revisions over time, yet the intrageneric phylogenetic affinities of this genus remain contentious. While mitochondrial genomes are effective molecular markers for phylogenetic analyses, systematic studies based on complete mitogenomes of this genus are still lacking. In this study, we assembled and annotated the complete mitogenomes of five Thaxterogaster species and performed comparative genomic and phylogenetic analyses. The five mitogenomes are all circular molecules, ranging from 35,902 to 106,732 bp in length, with GC contents of 24.35%–29.15%. All mitogenomes shared a conserved repertoire of 15 core protein-coding genes, two rRNA genes, and 25–26 tRNA genes. The core gene complement and gene order are relatively conserved among the five species, whilst genome size, intron load, repeat sequence composition, and local syntenic architecture vary markedly. Phylogenetic analyses based on the mitochondrial core genes of 51 species revealed that the five Thaxterogaster species formed a well-supported distinct clade within Cortinariaceae , closely related to the clade comprising Hymenogastraceae and Strophariaceae . Collectively, our findings enhance the understanding of mitogenomic structural and evolutionary features in Thaxterogaster and provide a useful reference for future studies into mitogenome evolution in Cortinariaceae and allied taxa.
The infraorder Tabanomorpha represents a key lineage within the lower Brachycera; however, the phylogenetic placement of several families, including Pelecorhynchidae, remains incompletely resolved owing to the lack of mitogenomic data. In this study, we sequenced and characterized the complete mitochondrial genome of Pelecorhynchus vulpes (Macquart, 1850), representing the first mitogenome reported for both the genus and the family. The circular genome is 15,390 bp in length and comprises a typical set of 37 genes, including 13 protein-coding genes, 22 transfer RNA genes, two ribosomal RNA genes, and a control region. The genome exhibits a strong A+T bias (78.4%) and retains the ancestral insect gene arrangement. Comparative analyses revealed a high degree of structural conservation with other Tabanomorpha, particularly in Tabanidae and Athericidae. Phylogenetic analyses based on concatenated mitochondrial protein-coding and ribosomal genes, using both Bayesian inference and maximum likelihood approaches, support Pelecorhynchidae as a sister lineage to Athericidae and Tabanidae. These findings provide new genomic evidence supporting the phylogenetic placement of Pelecorhynchidae and contribute to understanding of the evolutionary relationships within Tabanomorpha. Additionally, the phylogenetic affinity between the Chilean and Australasian representatives of Pelecorhynchus is consistent with a Gondwanan origin for the group, although alternative scenarios, such as long-distance dispersal, cannot be excluded. This study highlights the importance of mitogenomic data from underrepresented lineages and provides information for new integrative studies that combine mitochondrial and nuclear data to resolve the evolutionary history of Tabanomorpha.
Overall, this study uncovers inversion-driven mitochondrial gene rearrangements as a major evolutionary force in Littorinimorpha, expanding genomic resources for Naticidae and refining phylogenetic relationships within this diverse clade.
Nucleotide diversity and evolutionary rate analyses across mitogenomes of Oedipodinae revealed pervasive purifying selection acting on all 13 PCGs, which strongly supported M. wagneri as a monophyletic lineage within the subfamily Oedipodinae.
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