A novel continuous-progression CKM model combined with multi-omics data integration identifies lipid metabolic drivers of disease progression

Abstract

Introduction Cardiovascular–kidney–metabolic (CKM) syndrome represents an emerging systemic disorder characterized by intertwined metabolic dysfunction, chronic kidney disease, and cardiovascular injury, yet robust preclinical models and mechanistic insights remain limited. Methods Here, we established a progressive rat model of CKM syndrome by combining high-fat/high-sucrose exposure with adenine-induced renal stress, capturing temporal changes from early metabolic dysregulation to advanced multi-organ injury. Integrative multi-omics analyses incorporating network toxicology, single-cell RNA sequencing, and spatial transcriptomics were performed to investigate molecular features associated with CKM progression. Finally, AI-assisted virtual screening coupled with molecular docking was conducted to identify potential multi-target therapeutic candidates. Results Longitudinal phenotyping revealed a temporal pattern in which early metabolic abnormalities preceded more prominent renal and cardiovascular impairment. Integrative multi-omics analyses incorporating network toxicology, single-cell RNA sequencing, and spatial transcriptomics consistently converged on lipid metabolic dysregulation as a prominent molecular feature associated with CKM progression. PPARγ, ESR1, and FASN were identified as candidate regulatory nodes associated with CKM-related lipid remodeling. Single-cell analyses revealed enrichment of lipid metabolic programs in renal epithelial compartments, particularly proximal tubular cells, suggesting their potential involvement in CKM-associated renal metabolic remodeling. Spatial transcriptomics further revealed patterns consistent with ectopic adipocyte infiltration, lipid-associated niche remodeling, increased PPARγ/FASN expression, and reduced ESR1 expression in diseased kidneys. AI-assisted virtual screening coupled with molecular docking identified BRD-K26818574 as a potential multi-target therapeutic candidate. Discussion Collectively, this study establishes a translational CKM model and highlights renal lipotoxic remodeling as a potential therapeutic target in CKM progression.