From BIM Data to Lean Decisions: A Closed-Loop, Data-Driven Framework for Digital Lean Construction

Abstract

Lean Construction and digital tools such as Building Information Modeling (BIM), common data environments (CDEs), and mobile applications are widely adopted in construction projects but are often implemented through parallel and disconnected workflows. Consequently, Lean production control continues to rely heavily on manual observations, meetings, and spreadsheets, while increasing volumes of digital project data remain underutilized for operational decision-making. This disconnect limits project teams’ ability to detect waste early, stabilize production flow, and learn systematically from recurring issues. This study develops a conceptual Digital Lean Construction (DLC) framework using a design-oriented methodology comprising three stages: synthesis of gaps in existing BIM–Lean integration research, examination of previously validated digital workflows for BIM Quality Control (QC), Quantity Takeoff (QTO), and digital twin monitoring, and integration of these components into a unified closed-loop architecture. The resulting framework organizes project information through four conceptual layers and six implementation components that connect BIM/Industry Foundation Classes (IFC4 × 3) models, schedules, issue and quality records, quantity data, field inputs, sensor information, and GIS-based spatial context. The framework assumes IFC4 × 3 because it provides enhanced support for infrastructure assets and linear referencing required for transportation and civil infrastructure projects. Rule-based analytical logic is formalized for seven Lean key performance indicators (KPIs): Percent Plan Complete (PPC), takt deviations, constraint age, rework cycles, waste event counts, QC status, and delay risk. The framework demonstrates how validated and location-aware project information can be transformed into actionable Lean performance intelligence and incorporated into weekly planning, daily huddles, problem-solving, and standardization routines. Several underlying data-generation components have been validated in previous studies; however, the integrated DLC framework itself remains conceptual and requires project-level empirical evaluation. As a conceptual framework grounded in prior literature and previously validated digital workflows, this study does not include empirical field validation. Instead, it proposes an operational architecture intended to guide future implementation and evaluation in real construction projects. The study contributes an implementable architectural foundation for moving from fragmented, retrospective reporting toward proactive, data-supported, and continuously improving production control.