This survey reviews the development of Earth embeddings from foundation model pretraining and reusable encoders to global and near-global embedding products, and summarizes the technical and scientific challenges surrounding global embedding products.
This chapter explains the main types of Earth embeddings, from implicit location encoders to explicit patch and pixel products, and compares their coverage, resolution, dimensionality, storage cost, licenses, and reproducibility.
Adam J. Stewart, Heng Fang, Isaac A. Corley et al.· 1 citation
This work introduces GeoMEB, a large-scale multimodal embedding benchmark that standardizes 45 urban evaluation tasks across retrieval, visual question answering, change detection, classification, and visual grounding, and presents Geo-Embed, a unified embedding model that adapts a shared vision-language backbone to in...
Jia-Peng Li, Yong Li, Jun-Jie Zhou et al.· 0 citations
The geographic coordinate robustness of Tessera v1, Tessera v1.1, and AlphaEarth is evaluated by testing whether coordinates can be predicted from the embedding representations using 284 quality-verified European solar farms from 2024.
GeoCore-9B, a 9-billion-parameter generative foundation model, is introduced, which is the first of its scale to be trained from scratch exclusively on EO data and establishes new state-of-the-art performance in both visual fidelity and geographic structural accuracy.
This work proposes a process-level ML specification for openEO structured into three stages: model initialization, model actions (training, tuning, inference, validation), and model management, which supports classical algorithms such as Random Forest and SVM, as well as deep learning architectures for time-series and...
Brian Pondi, Jonas Hurst, Rolf Simoes et al.· 0 citations
The study shows that temporal coverage is a tunable cost rather than a fixed prerequisite, opening regimes such as near-real-time mapping and faster land-use/land-cover refresh cycles.
Julia Guerrero-Viu, Alex López-Cifuentes, Ignacio Pérez-Villar et al.· 0 citations
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