Stem Cells As A Promising Therapeutic Strategy For Diabetes Mellitus: A Comprehensive Review

Abstract

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from impaired insulin secretion, insulin resistance, or both. Insulin and antidiabetic medications can control blood glucose levels well but cannot help recover dysfunctional pancreatic β-cells or change the pathological processes occurring in the body. Stem cell therapy has emerged as a promising regenerative approach that aims to restore pancreatic function and improve glycemic control. This review discusses the therapeutic potential of embryonic stem cells, adult stem cells, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) in diabetes mellitus. Stem cells may act through differentiation into insulin-producing β-like cells, stimulation of endogenous β-cell regeneration, immunomodulation, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects, paracrine signaling, and improvement of peripheral insulin sensitivity. Preclinical studies have demonstrated reductions in blood glucose, enhanced insulin secretion, and pancreatic islet regeneration, while early clinical studies have reported improvements in glycemic control, β-cell function, and reduced insulin requirements. However, challenges including immune rejection, tumorigenicity, ethical concerns, limited long-term evidence, high treatment costs, and lack of standardized protocols remain. Future developments involving gene editing, biomaterials, encapsulation, personalized therapies, and artificial intelligence may improve the safety and efficacy of stem cell-based treatments.