Evaluating Neural Cartographic Relief Shading for Urban Environments: A Downtown Calgary Study Using High-Resolution DEM and DSM Data

Abstract

This article explores the performance of analytical and neural-based hillshading methods in a dense urban environment using high-resolution digital elevation model (DEM) and digital surface model (DSM) data for downtown Calgary. The study compares single-direction and multi-direction analytical hillshading with relief shading generated in Eduard, a machine-learning system originally developed to emulate Swiss-style shaded relief trained primarily on mountainous landscapes. Because Eduard was not designed for buildings, bridges, streets, trees, and other urban infrastructures, the central question is not whether it perfectly reproduces urban morphology, but whether parameter tuning can nevertheless produce visually strong, cartographically useful, and in some cases superior results when compared with conventional analytical methods. The analysis focuses especially on terrain type, micro and macro generalization, and flat-area detail parameters, while keeping the large-scale shading style constant throughout the neural experiments. The article is structured as an exploratory comparison rather than a benchmark of universal best practice. It aims to identify where analytical hillshading remains more reliable, where Eduard offers unexpected strengths, and where neural shading fails because of its training bias toward alpine terrain. The study contributes to current work on terrain representation by testing whether a neural approach designed for natural landforms can be adapted to a highly built urban setting, and it concludes by arguing for future model training and evaluation specifically targeted at urban relief shading.