Archaeological Research in Kabul Province over the Past Two Decades: Its Challenges and Proposed Solutions (2005–2025)

Abstract

Over the past two decades (2005–2025), archaeological research in Kabul Province has achieved significant accomplishments by generating valuable data on prehistoric settlements as well as historical and cultural periods. These studies have provided a relatively comprehensive picture of cultural and social transformations in the region. Nevertheless, numerous challenges—such as insecurity, shortages of financial and human resources, the destruction of archaeological sites, inadequate documentation, and limited access to modern technologies—have substantially slowed the progress of research. This article first reviews the trajectory of archaeological research in Kabul during this twenty-year period and then analyzes the key challenges involved. Finally, it proposes practical and feasible solutions to improve the state of archaeology, including strengthening local capacities, expanding international collaboration, employing modern technologies (such as GIS and aerial imaging), enhancing cultural heritage protection laws, and promoting sustainable planning. The findings of this study can serve as a foundation for more effective policymaking and for advancing future scholarly research.