Development and validation of a multidimensional digital inequality index for assessing digital literacy, affordability, infrastructure, and socio-demographic determinants of digital inclusion

Abstract

This study examines factors influencing digital inequality among key stakeholders within Somalia’s digital ecosystem by developing and evaluating a multidimensional Digital Inequality Index (DII). Somalia, as a fragile state, faces persistent challenges related to digital infrastructure, affordability, and political instability, which may constrain equitable digital participation. A cross-sectional survey of 80 respondents from the telecommunications and academic sectors in Mogadishu was conducted to investigate digital access, usage behaviors, and perceived barriers. To extend the analysis beyond descriptive statistics, a Digital Inequality Index (DII) was developed by integrating digital literacy, affordability, and infrastructure dimensions. Among the surveyed respondents, the DII indicated notable differences across demographic subgroups. Participants aged 35 years and above recorded the lowest average DII score (0.51), while respondents with a Master’s degree or higher achieved the highest score (0.67) compared with those having secondary education (0.48). Regression analysis further indicated that higher educational attainment was positively associated with the use of advanced digital services, particularly e-government platforms (OR = 3.6, 95% CI: 1.4–9.1). These findings suggest that, within this stakeholder group, educational attainment is a key factor associated with meaningful digital participation, whereas age and gender showed comparatively smaller effects. The study also highlights perceived barriers related to affordability, infrastructure, and governance. Although the findings are not intended to represent the broader Somali population, they provide valuable stakeholder-based evidence to inform future research and support policy discussions on digital inclusion in fragile-state contexts.