Genomic and Phenotypic Characterization of Two Novel Enterobacter Phages With EDTA‐Enhanced Antibiofilm Activity

Abstract

ABSTRACT Multidrug‐resistant members of the Enterobacter cloacae complex (ECC) are increasingly linked to difficult‐to‐treat infections and biofilm‐mediated antimicrobial tolerance. Here, two lytic phages, vB_EhoIP_HHH and vB_EluM_RZH, displaying podovirus‐like and myovirus‐like morphology, respectively, were isolated from the River Chelt. HHH has a 39,582 bp genome (51.2% GC, 63 ORFs), while RZH has a 174,197 bp genome (39.4% GC, 314 ORFs), with neither genome carrying antimicrobial resistance, virulence or lysogeny‐associated genes. VIRIDIC and VICTOR analyses placed HHH within Kayfunavirus and RZH within Karamvirus, supporting their classification as distinct species. Both phages demonstrated rapid adsorption, short latent periods and stability across physiological pH and temperature ranges. A phage cocktail targeting MDR ECC strain was evaluated with EDTA against established biofilms. Crystal violet assays showed the greatest biomass reduction at MOI 10 with 0.5–0.75 mM EDTA. Bliss independence analysis revealed localized synergy within this window but significant overall antagonism at higher EDTA concentrations. CFU enumeration confirmed greater activity against 24 h than 48 h biofilms. The optimized combination also reduced recoverable bacteria in a fibroblast infection model while maintaining low LDH release. These findings identify two novel lytic Enterobacter phages and support a narrow EDTA concentration window for enhanced phage‐mediated antibiofilm activity.