QART: A Quantum-Classical Hybrid Architecture for Long-Horizon Reasoning -- Exploring a Conditional Path toward Quantum Scaling

Abstract

Long-horizon reasoning is vulnerable to early errors that compromise later decisions. We present QART, the Quantum-Augmented Reasoning Transformer, a quantum--classical hybrid architecture combining a backbone language model with quantum encoding, CIM-based QUBO optimization, and quantum decoding. Semantic information can come from hidden representations or model-generated text; detailed encoding and optimization procedures remain proprietary. Under explicit assumptions, we establish a conditional asymptotic reliability separation from single-trajectory autoregressive LLMs. For a common task family with aligned optimality and acceptance criteria, autoregressive acceptance probability tends to zero when cumulative conditional risk of irreversible errors diverges. QART's task-optimal-path recovery probability remains bounded away from zero if conditional probabilities for optimal-path coverage and semantic fidelity, spectral certification, dynamical reachability, and faithful readout remain uniformly positive under a specified resource schedule. The architecture alone does not imply these bounds. Paired measurements on six long-horizon benchmarks using DeepSeek V4 Flash, GLM-5.3, and GPT-5.5 xhigh in a Codex agent environment favor QART in 14 of 15 backbone--benchmark pairs. Relative gains reach 84.0% on SciCode, 47.6% on $\tau^3$-Bench, and 44.4% on Terminal-Bench 4.0; the DeepSeek V4 Flash configuration regresses by 7.8% on DeepSWE. These results do not directly validate the asymptotic separation. Potential quantum scaling laws are formulated as conditional hypotheses. A quantum-advantage interpretation requires a demonstrated CIM quantum advantage over strong classical solvers and its transfer to end-to-end reasoning after all system overheads.