Sep 2026· Adjunct Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications· 0 citations· 20 references
TL;DR
Overall, multimodal explanations appear beneficial, particularly during initial use, but should adapt to user needs and context, but should adapt to user needs and context.
Abstract
This paper investigates how different Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) modality combinations affect users in fully automated vehicles across different types of ambiguous driving scenarios (ADS). In an online study (N = 123), three explanation modality combinations were compared: visual-textual (VT), visual-auditory (VA), and visual-textual-auditory (VTA). VT resulted in significantly lower situational trust and significantly higher cognitive load than VA and VTA. Explanation satisfaction increased significantly from VT to VA and was highest for VTA. While baseline levels of trust, satisfaction, and cognitive load differed between ADS categories, no significant modality–scenario interaction was found, indicating that modality effects generalize across forms of ambiguity. Based on these results, five design guidelines for XAI in fully automated vehicles were derived. Overall, multimodal explanations appear beneficial, particularly during initial use, but should adapt to user needs and context.
Explanations in automated vehicles have been proposed to support users’ understanding, trust, and acceptance of automated driving behavior. However, many explanation interfaces remain static interventions, even though users’ information needs may vary depending on driving context, familiarity, perceived criticality, an...
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