Prioritized Rollouts for Efficient World Model-based Vision-Language-Action Policy Optimization

Abstract

Vision-Language-Action (VLA) models have emerged as a powerful paradigm for embodied intelligence, but fine-tuning them with reinforcement learning (RL) remains constrained by the cost of real-world robot interaction. Model-based reinforcement learning (MBRL) reduces this cost by using a learned world model to generate rollouts for policy optimization. However, it becomes computationally expensive as VLA policies and world models scale. Existing methods typically treat states equally, overlooking substantial differences in their utility for policy improvement. In this paper, we show that policy uncertainty helps identify states with greater potential for policy improvement. The policy exhibits high uncertainty at only a small subset of states, often during decision-sensitive stages where small action differences can alter task outcomes, suggesting that policy improvements at these states could be particularly valuable. Building on these findings, we introduce U-GROW, a lightweight, plug-and-play sampling layer that directs more model rollouts to these informative states. By modifying only the branched-start distribution, U-GROW can be integrated into existing MBRL pipelines without changing the policy optimization objective. Experiments in both simulated and real-world manipulation tasks demonstrate the efficiency and effectiveness of U-GROW, supporting the use of policy uncertainty to guide experience generation.