Advanced gene editing technologies for oncology mechanisms, applications, and clinical implementation.

CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing approaches in colorectal cancer: Current progress and future prospects.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide, characterized by genetic heterogeneity and the accumulation of mutations in key oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes. CRISPR-Cas9 technology has greatly advanced genetic research by enabling precise genome editing. This review focuses on the innovative applications of CRISPR-Cas9 in CRC research, particularly its role in identifying novel therapeutic targets, elucidating mechanisms of drug resistance, and uncovering metabolic and stem cell pathway alterations in tumorigenesis. We highlight the diverse CRISPR systems, including Cas9, Cas12, Cas13, and advanced variants such as CRISPR activation (CRISPRa), CRISPR interference (CRISPRi), base editing, and prime editing, which have expanded gene knockout studies and enhanced our understanding of CRC. Despite these breakthroughs, challenges such as off-target effects and delivery limitations remain. Ongoing efforts to refine CRISPR technology aim to enhance its precision and clinical applicability, ultimately paving the way for more effective and personalized treatment strategies for CRC. In this review, we explore these advances and focus on the latest developments in CRISPR-based approaches for CRC treatment.

Targeting the Hallmarks of Ageing: Pharmacological Challenges and Breakthroughs in CRISPR Delivery Systems and Future Prospects.

CRISPR has emerged as a next-generation gene-editing tool with the potential to target the molecular pathways associated with ageing and related disorders. It functions through RNA-guided Cas nucleases, directing DNA cleavage and utilizing the native DNA repair machinery for genetic manipulations. Advances in CRISPR technology have significantly enhanced the precision and flexibility of techniques for genome editing. The enzyme Cas9's ability to cut DNA at exact site has revolutionized genome editing by enabling accurate modifications within living eukaryotic cells. This review critically examines recent developments in CRISPR-based technologies, including Cas9, Cas12, base editing, prime editing, and CRISPR-mediated gene regulation. It highlights their rising applications in ageing research, with more emphasis on neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. The review also discusses the major pharmacological and translational challenges that currently limit clinical applications, including inefficient tissue-specific delivery, off-target genome editing, immunogenicity, manufacturing complexity, and long-term safety concerns. Also, recent progress in both, viral and non-viral delivery methods are critically evaluated, including adeno-associated viruses, lentivirus vectors, lipid nanoparticles, gold nanoparticles, exosomes, electroporation, and microinjection, is thoroughly discussed to highlight their therapeutic potential and translational limitations. Current studies indicate that CRISPR-based approaches have preclinical potential for targeting important hallmarks of ageing, particularly genomic instability, telomere attrition, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Other hallmarks of ageing, such as stem cell exhaustion, epigenetic modifications, and microbiome changes, are at earlier stages of development. Overall, this review describes future strategies for developing safe, precise, and clinically translatable CRISPR-based treatments to promote healthy ageing.

CRISPR in clinical oncology: translational advances from molecular diagnostics to therapeutics.

CRISPR-Cas9 Technology in Genetic Disorders: Genome Editing Approaches and Therapeutic Applications – A Review

The potential application of CRISPR technology for the possible management of geneticbased conditions, including sickle-cell anemia, β-thalassemia, cystic fibrosis, and Duchenne muscular dystrophy is described.

CRISPR/Cas9 in cancer therapy: clinical translation, mechanistic strategies, and therapeutic directions

The advent of CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing has significantly transformed the landscape of cancer therapeutics by facilitating precise and programmable manipulation of disease-associated genetic modifications. This review comprehensively evaluates the current clinical and translational landscape of CRISPR/Cas9-based cancer therapies through an analysis of published literature and registered clinical trials. The current CRISPR/Cas9 applications in oncology are primarily centred on three mechanistic strategies: immune cell engineering for enhanced tumor recognition, direct targeting of oncogenic mutations, and modulation of tumor-supportive pathways. Analysis of 32 clinical trials indicates that CRISPR-based interventions have demonstrated encouraging safety profiles and early signs of clinical activity, particularly in ex vivo engineered immune-cell therapies. Notable examples include CRISPR-edited CAR-T cell products targeting CD19 and BCMA, which have achieved objective responses in relapsed or refractory hematological malignancies while demonstrating sustained persistence of edited cells in vivo. In contrast, clinical translation into solid tumors remains comparatively limited due to challenges associated with delivery efficiency, tumor heterogeneity, and the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Technological advancements, including multiplex genome editing, base editing, and prime editing have expanded the precision and versatility of CRISPR-based interventions, while integration with immunotherapy and nanotechnology-based delivery systems continues to broaden therapeutic potential. Despite these advances, several significant challenges still need to be addressed, including off-target editing, manufacturing scalability, delivery limitations, and regulatory considerations. Overall, CRISPR/Cas9 represents a promising yet evolving platform in oncology, with its future clinical success dependent on achieving a balance between precision, safety, scalability, and long-term therapeutic durability.

CRISPR-Based Genome Editing in Contemporary Clinical Medicine: Therapeutic Translation, Global Challenges and the Future of Precision Medicine

CRISPR has progressed from an experimental genome-engineering technology to a clinically relevant therapeutic platform, although its future impact will depend on the ability to combine molecular precision and durable therapeutic benefit with rigorous safety assessment, responsible governance, and equitable access across diverse populations and healthcare systems.