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Security Rests on Three Grounds, and a Quantum Computer Breaks Only One ── RSA at 2048 Bits Is Accelerated by 10^25.3, Yet Multiplying the Key Length by 8 Raises the Quantum Effort Only 512-fold ── What Holds No Information Cannot Be Computed by Any Machine ── [Paper 305]

Aug 2026 · Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture

Abstract

The sentence “this cipher is secure” rests on one of three different grounds. This paper asks which of them a quantum computer breaks──the answer is one. No new mathematical theorem and no new law is claimed. Scope of this paper (scope note): No new mathematical theorem and no new law is claimed──the complexity of the number field sieve, Shor’s algorithm, Grover’s algorithm, and the perfect secrecy of the one-time pad are all standard. We do not build cryptography──all we use is one exponent and one mutual information. We do not explain the algorithms──Shor and Grover are quoted by their cost formulas, and we do not enter their workings. We do not discuss implementation security──key management, randomness quality, side channels, and implementation flaws are not treated at all. Most real breaks live there, but this paper treats only the type of ground. We do not discuss the feasibility of quantum computers──neither when nor whether they can be built is treated. Only what would break if they were. We assert no values for the effort──the sieve’s exponent is asymptotic, and 10^25.3 is an order with constants dropped. Only the direction and the order are claimed. We do not treat lattice cryptography──post-quantum schemes also sit on the computational ground, and which problems stay hard under quantum attack is not adjudicated here. Relation to earlier papers: Paper 281 showed that what cannot be copied can still be corrected, and that eavesdropping becomes the number 25%──the third ground here is the physical security shown there. Paper 252 counted four quantities called “information,” needing different things──the second ground here rests on a mutual information that is exactly 0. Paper 112 counted “six distinct roots sharing one rhyme”──“security” here likewise has three distinct roots under one word. Paper 302 treated how existence does not give quantity──computational security likewise sits where “hard” has no settled quantity. What is added is lining up the three grounds by what they depend on, computing the RSA-2048 acceleration as 10^25.3, showing that an eightfold key length raises the quantum effort only 512-fold, and separating symmetric from public key by square root against cube. First, there are three grounds. Computational, information-theoretic, and physical security, and all three depend on different things (Section 2). Second, this is the core of the paper. A quantum computer breaks only the first, and cannot in principle reach the other two (Section 3). Third, the breaking is dramatic. At RSA 2048 bits the ratio of classical to quantum effort is 10^25.3 (Section 4). Fourth, key length cannot answer it. Multiplying the key length by 8 raises the quantum effort only 512-fold (Section 4). Fifth, symmetric keys need only be doubled. Grover gains only a square root, and AES-256 retains an effective 128 bits (Section 5). Sixth, the separator is resting on difficulty against resting on the absence of information (Section 6). “This cipher is secure” rests on one of three different grounds──computational (it is hard), information-theoretic (there is no information), and physical (measuring destroys). A quantum computer breaks only the first──“quantum computers will break cryptography” is one third right. The breaking is indeed dramatic──at RSA 2048 bits the ratio of classical to quantum effort is 10^25.3, and at 4096 bits 10^36.3. And key length cannot answer it──against the classical attack 2538 bits reaches 2^128, while on the quantum side an eightfold key raises the effort only 512-fold. Symmetric keys are another matter──Grover gains only a square root, so AES-256 retains an effective 128 bits. One thing separates them──whether the security rests on difficulty or on the absence of information. Difficulty moves with machines. I(M;C)=0 does not move. Put exactly──a quantum computer breaks the ciphers that rest on difficulty. On the making of this work: The ideas and content of this work stem from the author's own considerations. Assistance from an AI (a large language model) was used for structuring, English translation, and checking the algebra. Any remaining errors or misinterpretations are solely the author's. Feedback and corrections are sincerely appreciated. ----- 「この暗号は安全である」という一文は、三つの別の根拠のどれかに立っている。本稿が問うのは、量子計算機が壊すのはどれかである──答は、一つだけである。新しい数学定理も新しい法則も主張しない。 本稿の射程(射程注記):新しい数学定理も新しい法則も主張しない──数体篩の計算量、ショアのアルゴリズム、グローバーのアルゴリズム、ワンタイムパッドの完全秘匿性は、いずれも標準的である。暗号を作らない──使うのは一つの指数と、一つの相互情報量だけである。アルゴリズムを説明しない──ショアもグローバーも手間の式を引くだけであり、中身には立ち入らない。実装の安全を論じない──鍵管理、乱数の質、サイドチャネル、実装の欠陥は一切扱わない。現実の破られ方の大半はここにあるが、本稿は根拠の型だけを扱う。量子計算機の実現可能性を論じない──いつ作れるかも、作れるかも扱わない。作れたとして何が壊れるかだけを数える。手間の値を主張しない──数体篩の指数は漸近形であり、10^25.3 は定数因子を無視した桁である。比較の向きと桁だけが本稿の主張である。格子暗号を扱わない──耐量子暗号も計算量的安全の側にあるが、どの問題が量子で難しいままかは本稿では判定しない。既刊との関係:論文281 は複製できないのに訂正できることを示し、盗聴が 25% という数になると書いた──本稿の三つ目の根拠はそこで示された物理的安全である。論文252 は「情報量」が四つあり要るものが違うと数えた──本稿の二つ目の根拠は相互情報量が厳密に 0であることに立つ。論文112 は「同じ韻を踏む六つの別根」を数えた──本稿の「安全」も一語の下に三つの別根を持つ。論文302 は存在が定量を教えないことを扱った──本稿の計算量的安全も「難しい」の定量が定まらない側にある。加えたのは三つの根拠を依存先で並べたこと、RSA 2048 bit の加速を 10^25.3 と計算したこと、鍵長を 8 倍にしても量子側が 512 倍にしかならないと示したこと、対称鍵と公開鍵で対処法が違う理由を平方根と三乗で分けたことである。 第一に、根拠は三つある。計算量的安全・情報理論的安全・物理的安全であり、依存先が三つとも違う(第2節)。 第二に、これが本稿の芯である。量子計算機が壊すのは一つ目だけであり、残り二つには原理的に届かない(第3節)。 第三に、壊れ方は劇的である。 RSA 2048 bit で古典と量子の手間の比は 10^25.3 である(第4節)。 第四に、鍵長では対抗できない。鍵長を 8 倍にしても、量子側の手間は 512 倍にしかならない(第4節)。 第五に、対称鍵は倍にすれば済む。グローバーは平方根しか稼がず、AES-256 は実効 128 bitで足りる(第5節)。 第六に、分離子は「難しさに立つか、情報の不在に立つか」である(第6節)。 「この暗号は安全である」は、三つの別の根拠のどれかに立っている──計算量的安全(難しい)、情報理論的安全(情報が無い)、物理的安全(測れば壊れる)である。量子計算機が壊すのは一つ目だけである──「量子計算機が暗号を破る」という一文は、三分の一しか当たっていない。壊れ方は確かに劇的である──RSA 2048 bit で古典と量子の手間の比は 10^25.3、4096 bit では 10^36.3 である。そして鍵長では対抗できない──古典に対しては 2538 bit で 2^128 相当まで行けるのに、量子側は鍵長を 8 倍にしても手間が 512 倍にしかならない。対称鍵は事情が違う──グローバーは平方根しか稼がないので、AES-256 にすれば実効 128 bit で足りる。分けるものは一つ──その安全が、難しさに立っているか、情報の不在に立っているか。難しさは計算機で動く。 I(M;C)=0 は動かない。正確に言えばこうである──量子計算機は、難しさに立つ暗号を破る。 作成にあたって:本稿の着想と内容は、著者自身の考察に基づくものです。文章の構成整理や英訳、数式の確認には AI(大規模言語モデル)の助力を得ました。最終的な内容の解釈や誤りがあれば、それらはすべて著者の責に帰します。お気づきの点があれば、ご教示いただければ幸いです。

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