Cardio-Reno-Cardiac Syndrome, Classification, Pathophysiology and Clinical Implications: Review—Part 6

Abstract

Type 5 cardio-renal syndrome (CRS), cardio-reno-cardiac syndrome (CRCS), is a condition secondary to systemic diseases that usually leads to acute or chronic dysfunction of the heart or kidney, which causes dysfunction of the other organ. Different pathophysiological mechanisms and factors affecting CRCS development, such as systemic lupus, hypertension, and diabetes, lead to acute and chronic damage to the heart and kidneys at the same time. Furthermore, other diseases such as hepatic cirrhosis can cause kidney failure and inapparent or apparent heart dysfunction, precipitating CRCS. In this part of the CRS review series, pathophysiology, risk factors, and management of CRCS are comprehensively reviewed, incorporating the latest evidence and recent advances in the field.