Omics research in Parkinson’s disease: evolution, integrated analysis, pathogenic mechanisms, biomarkers, and therapeutic targets

Abstract

Parkinson’s Disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder that has been widely investigated using omics approaches over 2020–2025. This review focuses on the transition from single-omics to integrative multi-omics analysis, which helps overcome the constraints of individual omics strategies and provides a more systematic understanding of PD pathogenesis. Key topics include the elucidation of core mechanisms (mitochondrial dysfunction, lipid metabolic disturbance, α-synucleinopathy, and gut–brain axis impairment), the development of biomarkers (shifting from invasive cerebrospinal fluid samples to less invasive plasma/urine panels with improved performance), and the identification of potential interventional targets (signaling pathways, key molecules, and gut microbiota). Technical advances include refined single-omics detection, AI-assisted multi-omics integration, and the emergence of multi-center large cohorts. Despite notable progress, major challenges remain, including limited sample diversity, insufficient technical standardization, and gaps between basic research and clinical translation. Future directions should prioritize the establishment of multi-center longitudinal biobanks, high-sensitivity detection methods, and clinical translation through precision subtyping and targeted intervention. Integrative multi-omics has significantly advanced PD research from fragmented studies to a more systematic framework, providing a foundation for early diagnosis and precision therapy. Further efforts are needed to address current limitations and translate findings into clinical benefit for PD patients.