The consistent in-situ global gridded temperature and salinity dataset, CORA OA 1960-2024

Observations of seawater temperature and salinity as the main source of information on large-scale ocean currents

Abstract A. S. Sarkisyan developed a diagnostic method in the 1960s, based on the inclusion of annual mean temperature and salinity fields in circulation models, which made it possible to simulate climatic currents in the World Ocean and a number of other marine basins. As observations of seawater temperature and salin...

Multi-decadal high-resolution historical simulations with the ECMWF global atmosphere model

This paper describes an ensemble of global atmosphere reference simulations covering the period 1980 to 2023 produced with the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Integrated Forecasting System (IFS). The resulting dataset consists of 6-hourly three-dimensional global outputs from higher- and lowe...

Historical Nansen Cast Temperature Profiles and the Ocean Heat Content 1 Change since 19 th Century 2

Interannual Variability of Surface Salinity of the Northwestern Shelf of the Black Sea Based on Satellite Information and Reanalysis Data

Influence of local and remote climate processes on driving the salinification followed by freshening phases in the eastern Arabian Sea

Sea surface salinity (SSS) modulates upper-ocean stratification, air–sea coupling, and freshwater redistribution in the North Indian Ocean, yet its interannual variability in the eastern Arabian Sea (EAS) remains insufficiently quantified. This study evaluates satellite-derived SSS from the Soil Moisture and Ocean Sali...

Assessing Mediterranean Sea temperature and salinity trends using Argo float data and reanalysis products between 2012 and 2025

This study compares temperature and salinity changes in the Mediterranean Sea over the period 2012–2025, using Argo float profiles and operational reanalysis products in three open-sea regions: the Western Mediterranean, Ionian, and Levantine basins. The temporal evolution of conservative temperature and absolute sal...