Comparative Evaluation of Seismic Resistance, Damping, and Base Isolation under Earthquake Loading Using 3D-Printed Building Models

Abstract

This study investigates the effectiveness of different seismic design strategies in improving the earthquake resilience of buildings. Motivated by the 2011 Tohoku earthquake in Japan, the research focuses on three major seismic systems: seismic resistance, seismic damping, and seismic base isolation. Seismic resistance enhances structural strength to withstand forces, seismic damping dissipates energy through mechanisms such as dampers, and base isolation reduces energy transfer by separating the building from the ground. An experimental approach was used involving 3D-printed building models equipped with each system. Measurements of wave amplitude and displacement were recorded to assess performance under simulated seismic activity. Results indicated that seismic damping was most effective in reducing wave amplitude, while base isolation minimized displacement. Seismic resistance was the most economical but least effective in mitigating energy. The findings highlight the importance of selecting seismic designs based on building context while balancing safety and cost. Limitations include the small experimental scale and simplified simulation conditions, suggesting the need for further research under more realistic scenarios.