Structure-Preserving Document-Level Data Augmentation via Discourse Parsing

Abstract

Data augmentation (DA) plays a vital role in improving model performance in low-resource or limited-supervision scenarios within Natural Language Processing (NLP). Existing DA methods, such as synonym replacement and back-translation, have demonstrated effectiveness on the word or sentence level; however, they frequently neglect discourse-level coherence and logical flow, which are essential for complex tasks dependent on inter-sentential relationships. In this paper, we propose a structure-preserving document-level data augmentation framework based on large language models (LLMs) and document-level discourse structure parsing. Our approach identifies rhetorical relations between sentence pairs and extracts key phrases, which are then replaced with semantically coherent but topically shifted content while preserving the original discourse structure. Experimental results on text summarization and question answering show that the proposed augmented data provides complementary supervision and improves combined-data training across the evaluated tasks. Comparisons with a standard RST parser and controlled ablations further support the proposed discourse representation.