Data Quality, Feature Engineering, and Model Reliability in Large-Scale AI Multi-Agentic Systems

Abstract

Large-scale artificial intelligence (AI) systems increasingly operate not as a single monolithic model but as a population of interacting, specialized agents separate models or decision-making components responsible for functions such as pricing, fraud detection, ranking, routing, and customer support that share underlying data infrastructure and, in many cases, influence one another's inputs and outputs. This article synthesizes peer-reviewed literature on data quality assurance, feature engineering, and model reliability to examine how these three concerns interact once an AI system is decomposed into multiple cooperating agents operating at scale. Seventeen primary sources are reviewed, spanning foundational work on technical debt in machine learning systems, multi-dimensional data quality frameworks, scalable and automated data quality verification, data lifecycle management, empirically grounded data-management taxonomies, production-readiness testing rubrics, scalable and automated feature engineering, hyperparameter optimization, organizational workflow studies, a production-scale ML platform, concept drift, large-scale academic surveys of ML testing, systematic reviews of industrial ML challenges, and fault-tolerant cooperative control of multi-agent systems. Drawing on this literature, the article proposes a conceptual framework linking data quality assurance, feature engineering, model training and reliability testing, and deployment to an agent population, closed by a cross-agent monitoring and feedback loop. The review finds that data quality problems and model reliability failures do not remain confined to the agent in which they originate: because agents in a large-scale AI system typically share upstream data sources, feature pipelines, or downstream state, a defect introduced at the data or feature layer of one agent can propagate through the interactions between agents, producing system-level reliability failures that are not visible from the perspective of any single agent's test suite. Ensuring reliability in such systems therefore requires treating data quality, feature engineering, and testing as cross-cutting, system-wide concerns rather than as properties to be verified independently within each agent