A low-dimensional dynamical basis for tongue shape control

Abstract

Speech production involves the control of a high-dimensional articulatory system with many degrees-of-freedom, but a widespread hypothesis is that speakers navigate this complexity using a set of lower-dimensional control variables. Common candidates for these control variables include individual articulators (e.g. tongue body) and abstract tract variables (e.g. tongue body constriction location), but identifying the most appropriate coordinate system for articulatory control remains an open question. In this study, we advance a model in which holistic tongue shape modes represent a potential low-dimensional control basis for a simple dynamical law. We first discover empirical tongue shape modes in a cross-speaker coordinate space and then fit the model to ultrasound data on monophthongal vowels from 36 speakers of British English. A three-dimensional linear point attractor fitted to these time-varying modes recovers the dynamics of tongue shape with a high degree of accuracy. This suggests that complex tongue movement can arise from independent modes that linearly combine under simple dynamical laws, thereby relocating some complexity from the control signal to the coordinate system. We show that this framing explains why one-dimensional articulatory measures can exhibit observable nonlinearities, and hypothesize that shape modes are a plausible kinematic expression of underlying muscle synergies.