Advances in Enzyme Immobilization and Its Application in the Degradation of Typical Emerging Contaminants
Abstract
Emerging contaminants (ECs), including pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs), endocrine‐disrupting chemicals (EDCs), pesticides, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), have attracted increasing attention due to their persistent occurrence and potential risks to ecosystems and human health. Enzymatic bioremediation has attracted increasing attention because of its high catalytic efficiency, substrate specificity, and environmental friendliness. However, the practical application of free enzymes is limited by poor stability, easy deactivation, and low reusability. Enzyme immobilization has emerged as an effective strategy to enhance enzyme stability, activity retention, and operational performance. This review summarizes recent advances in immobilized enzymes for the degradation of ECs, with a focus on laccase, peroxidases, catalase, and organophosphorus hydrolase. Different immobilization methods and support materials, including metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), covalent organic frameworks (COFs), magnetic nanomaterials, biochar, and carbon‐based materials, are critically compared. Current challenges, such as mass‐transfer limitations, by‐product toxicity, and scale‐up issues, are discussed. Future prospects, including AI‐assisted carrier design and multienzyme catalytic systems, are also highlighted.