TL;DR
A detailed protocol is presented in which colorectal cancer cells are seeded into ultralow attachment plates and co-cultured with F. nucleatum either prior to spheroid formation, to model early tumor development, or after spheroids have been established, to model tumor progression.
A tiered, fit-for-purpose framework for the strategic selection and integration of preclinical cancer models based on the biological question, cancer subtype, and translational objective is proposed.
Tumor spheroid models offer practical and scalable solutions to screening and mechanistic studies, while organoids offer biological complexity and better representation of patient-derived disease characteristics.
This narrative review provides a critical overview of advanced melanoma modeling platforms, including scaffold-free and scaffold-based 3D systems, spheroids, patient-derived organoids, assembloids, bioprinted constructs, and microfluidic tumor-on-chip devices, together with 4D time-resolved approaches.
Three-dimensional cancer spheroids mimic key morphological and biological features of solid tumors, providing a valuable model for evaluating drug responses and novel insight into the mechanisms underlying 3D growth and chemoresistance that may help inform future therapeutic strategies.
The value of 3D spheroid models as versatile preclinical tools for advancing understanding of HNSCC biology and supporting the development and evaluation of personalized therapeutic strategies targeting pro‐tumorigenic communication networks is highlighted.
This review synthesizes recent progress in organoid coculture systems and their applications in immunotherapy optimization, adoptive cell therapy, and personalized medicine, while also analyzing the advantages and limitations of each model and offering perspectives on future developments toward more physiologically rel...
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