Integrating Additive Manufacturing and Hydrogel Technology: Towards Smart, Multifunctional and Biodegradable Scaffolds in Managing Diabetic Wounds

Abstract

Hydrogels are three‐dimensional polymer networks that closely resemble the natural extracellular matrix (ECM), making them strong candidates for wound scaffolds. Their fabrication can be advanced through three‐dimensional (3D) printing, a technique that enables precise construction of hydrogels with complex and bioactive architectures. Owing to their high‐water content, biocompatibility, and tuneable mechanical strength, hydrogels are well suited as printing inks. Unlike conventional hydrogels, which often lack sufficient mechanical and bionic properties, 3D printing allows the production of structures tailored for wound healing, especially for chronic and diabetic wounds, as well as for targeted tissue regeneration. This review provides a comprehensive overview of multi‐functional 3D‐printed hydrogels. It begins by summarizing key 3D‐printing technologies, including photocuring‐based methods such as Digital Light Processing (DLP), Stereolithography (SLA), and Two‐Photon Polymerization (TPP), followed by inkjet, extrusion, and laser‐assisted printing. Common polymers used to develop bioinks are then introduced, categorized into natural and synthetic types; in many cases, composite blends are formulated to enhance printability and mechanical performance. The review also outlines essential bioink design principles required for successful 3D printing. Subsequent sections highlight applications of 3D‐printed hydrogels, including hemostatic, antibacterial, self‐healing, smart, microneedle‐based, and machine‐learning‐assisted systems, concluding with challenges and future prospects.