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natural language processing

9,261 papers

#artificial intelligence Preprint Oct 2026

System1-Arena: Which Decisions Can Be Left to System 1?

The largest System-1 models match or exceed fast closed LLMs in non-agentic accuracy, with better-calibrated probabilities at one-quarter of the latency, and a reasoning LLM is the most accurate, at about 70x the cost of a fast LLM.

Tian-Yu Chen, Xin-Yang Liu, Ru-Yi An et al. · 1 citation
#artificial intelligence Preprint Oct 2026

Representation Redistribution in Sparse Autoencoders

Sparse autoencoders (SAEs) decompose language model activations into sparse features, but prompt transformations designed to preserve the underlying request can redistribute activity across them. A feature change observed on one transformed prompt need not recur, and even a recurring change need not affect a downstream...

Zi-Ye Mei, Hao-Tian Ma · 0 citations
#artificial intelligence Preprint Oct 2026

Judging the Judges: Confidence and Disagreement in Rubrics as Rewards

Rubrics as Rewards (RaR) extends reinforcement learning to non-verifiable domains by using an LLM judge to score responses against a structured rubric. Prior work has focused on improving the rubric or strengthening the single judge, with comparatively little attention to how different single or multiple judges might b...

Michael Tian-Yue Liu, A. Harrington, Trevor Darrell et al. · 0 citations
#artificial intelligence Preprint Oct 2026

Language Models Share a Readout Bottleneck in Working Memory

Large language models (LLMs) reproduce a human working-memory signature on the N-back task: performance declines as memory load N increases, and errors concentrate on lures, items that repeat the current stimulus at a neighboring but incorrect serial position. We ask whether this shared behavioral signature reflects a...

Dongyu Gong · 0 citations
#artificial intelligence Review Oct 2026

CARE-SD: Explainable Reasoning Architecture for Local SLM Self-Disclosure Analysis in Textual Data

Cybersecurity interviews uncover critical security experiences, behaviors, and privacy concerns often not fully captured by conventional technical assessments. Consequently, identifying genuine self-disclosures is challenging because statements are context-dependent, categories overlap, and automated interpretations ma...

Aisvarya Adeseye, Adeyemi Adeseye, Mohammad Tahir et al. · 0 citations
#artificial intelligence Preprint Oct 2026

CoSTA: Compressed Speech Token Adaptation for Efficient Spoken Dialogue Models

Spoken Dialogue Models (SDMs) typically share a speech-token space for generation and synthesis, leading to long autoregressive sequences and costly inference. Lower-rate speech tokenizers shorten sequences but may introduce compression-quality trade-offs and costly replacement without breaking this coupling. To addres...

Ying-Zhuo Deng, Chong Li, Bing Liu et al. · 0 citations
#artificial intelligence Preprint Oct 2026

When Judges Agree and Are Wrong: Consistency-Accuracy Dissociation as a Blind Spot for Label-Free Evaluation

Label-free evaluation methods, such as self-consistency filtering, majority-vote aggregation, and agreement-based reliability scoring, rely on an implicit assumption that consistency can serve as a proxy for correctness when ground-truth labels are unavailable or expensive to obtain. In this paper, we test this assumpt...

Xiang Zhang, Lovedeep Gondara, Jekaterina Novikova · 1 citation
#artificial intelligence Preprint Open access Oct 2026

ToolBottleneckBench: Measuring Tool-Agent Performance under Controlled Pressures and Fixed Harness Budgets

The success score of a tool agent reflects both its model and the budgets of the harness that runs it. We present ToolBottleneckBench, a benchmark that measures tool-agent performance under controlled pressures and fixed harness budgets. Synthetic enterprise tasks stay fixed while one pressure varies: the registered to...

Zichuan Xu, Yuyang Dong, Makoto Onizuka et al. · 0 citations
#artificial intelligence Preprint Oct 2026

A Jury, Not an Electorate: Label-Free Reliability Estimation for Ensembles of Language Models

The jury, with nine experts of up to 3B parameters, performs comparably to the same fusion rule with label-fitted weights, showing no statistically significant advantage from supervision, and outperforms the best single model with matched self-consistency and the strongest label-free alternative on the full benchmark.

A. Rozza, D. Mambelli, S. Motta et al. · 0 citations
#artificial intelligence Preprint Open access Oct 2026

PremiseCheck: Efficient Fact-Checking of Human and AI Peer Reviews

Peer review is under strain from the growth of submissions, and review comments written by humans or AI can misstate what a paper says. We introduce ReviewFact, a benchmark that labels such factual errors in review comments under one definition across NLP, machine learning, and the natural sciences, and that measures c...

Dingjie Song, Zhiling Yan, Ziqian Zhang et al. · 0 citations
#artificial intelligence Preprint Open access Oct 2026

ReviewPilot: A Multi-Agent System for Screening and Data Extraction in Systematic Reviews

Systematic literature reviews follow the PRISMA process of screening scholarly works and extracting evidence from included studies. Deep research tools based on large language models (LLMs) can search and summarize the literature but do not record which studies are excluded or where extracted values come from. We devel...

Zhaoqian Xue, Shaoze Zhou, Xuexin Li et al. · 0 citations
#artificial intelligence Preprint Oct 2026

Learning to Read Out: Unembedding Dynamics in Language Model Pretraining

When does a language model acquire a capability? Developmental studies usually answer this by tracking when models start producing the correct token. But that prediction passes through the unembedding matrix, or readout, which is itself still being learned during pretraining. We show that a model's hidden states can en...

Matteo He, William F. Shen, Alexandru Iacob et al. · 0 citations

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Microsoft Research Blog Oct 22, 2026

Flint-interactive: A language for creating interactive data visualizations

Flint-interactive gives AI agents a language for creating interactive visualizations. Click a chart, filter data, highlight related content, and explore beyond the view the author originally chose. The post Flint-interactive: A language for creating interactive data visualizations appeared first on Microsoft Research.

MIT News · Artificial Intelligence Oct 15, 2026

AI model decodes the language cells use to communicate

A new computational approach reveals how cells communicate to assemble into tissues. This could accelerate stem cell engineering, improve disease models, and inform therapies.

Microsoft Research Blog Oct 15, 2026

Proof-based general-purpose computing with Magnetar

Zero-knowledge proofs can verify computing results without rerunning workloads or exposing sensitive data. Magnetar helps bring them into the mainstream with support for standard programming languages, major speed gains, and quantum-resistant security. The post Proof-based general-purpose computing with Magnetar appeared first on Microsoft Research.

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