Intragenomic homologs with distinct phase behaviors broaden the range of cellular stress responses.

Abstract

Intragenomic homologs are widespread, but their physiological roles are often masked by redundancy. Histone-like nucleoid structuring protein (H-NS), a nucleoid-associated protein in Gram-negative bacteria, typically coexists with homologs like StpA, whose functions are obscured by a lack of strong phenotypes. We demonstrate here that the interaction between H-NS and StpA fine-tunes the physico-chemical properties of nucleoid-associated compartments. Although H-NS forms dynamic condensates in vitro, StpA assembles into stable insoluble fibrils. However, together the two proteins form liquid-like droplets, whose fluidity and stability are tunable by their relative stoichiometry. By increasing the levels of StpA over H-NS, bacteria stabilize heterochromatin-associated compartments, thereby preserving gene repression and optimizing bacterial growth under stress. Structural differences at these proteins' dimerization sites help explain their distinct phase behaviors. Our findings reveal a paradigm in which intragenomic homologs that are positioned at the opposite ends of the phase spectrum can fine-tune subcellular organization to promote survival in fluctuating environments.