Missing Melodies: AI Music Generation and Its “Nearly” Complete Omission of the Global South

Abstract

Recent advances in generative AI have sparked renewed interest and expanded possibilities for music generation. However, the performance and versatility of these systems across musical genres are heavily influenced by the availability of training data. We conducted an extensive analysis of over one million hours of audio datasets used in AI music generation research, and manually reviewed more than 200 papers from eleven prominent AI and music conferences and organizations to identify a critical gap in the fair representation and inclusion of the musical genres of the Global South in AI research. Our findings reveal a stark imbalance: approximately 86% of the total dataset hours and over 88% of researchers focus primarily on music from the Global North. However, around 40% of these datasets include some form of non-Western music, and genres from the Global South account for only 14.6% of the data. Furthermore, approximately 51% of the papers surveyed concentrate on symbolic music generation, a method that often fails to capture the cultural nuances inherent in music from regions such as South Asia, the Middle East, and Africa. As AI increasingly shapes the creation and dissemination of music, the significant underrepresentation of music genres in datasets and research presents a serious threat to global musical diversity, including evaluating music generation models, economic disparities, and reinforcing biases in generative music models. We also propose some important steps to mitigate these risks and foster a more inclusive future for AI-driven music generation.