Rethinking Waste: Zero Waste Approach as a Catalyst for Liveable and Sustainable Cities
Abstract
Effective waste management is essential to attain the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), yet developing countries like India face significant challenges due to limited infrastructure, inadequate public awareness and rapid urbanisation. In Varanasi, over 1000 tons of municipal solid waste are generated daily, with only 600 tons processed at a single commercially functioning composting facility. Poor waste segregation reduces compost efficiency to 8%–10%, leaving large quantities in landfills and open dumpsites. This study highlights critical limitations in Varanasi's solid waste management, including inconsistent waste tracking and insufficient route optimisation, which hinder operational efficiency. Responses from 400 residents and expert insights reveal the city's SWM system operates at just 41% efficacy. Binomial logistic regression indicates that demographic factors and satisfaction levels account for 58.2%–88.8% of the variance in citizen satisfaction. A sustainable framework is proposed to enhance landfill diversion through waste reduction and improved processing, advancing Varanasi's zero‐waste and circular economy goals.