Automated and Autonomous Mobile Robots in Warehousing: Definitions, Autonomy Levels, and Research Directions
TL;DR
The key findings show that the definitions of AGVs overlap with new AMR and MR concepts, and a spectrum of autonomy maturity levels, ranging from remotely-controlled (zero autonomy) to fully autonomous (independent) systems are introduced.
Abstract
In extant literature the terms automated guided vehicle (AGV), autonomous mobile robot (AMR), and mobile robot (MR) are used with different interpretations. Since the terms are closely related to technical characteristics, features, and possible applications, inconsistent use of these terms hinders their interoperability, and complicates the integration of systems across the warehousing domain. This paper defines the terms AGV, AMR, MR, based on the definitions from a systematic literature review. The study relies on English and German-language research from 2000 until 2025. Risk of bias in inclusion of studies was assessed using predefined evidence grades and content relevance grades. In total, 177 publications were included in the final analysis, clustered by locus of control, freedom of manipulation, collaborative ability, and software capability. The key findings show that the definitions of AGVs overlap with new AMR and MR concepts. The decisive factor is the ability of the vehicle or system to be autonomous. Building on the new definitions, we introduce a spectrum of autonomy maturity levels, ranging from remotely-controlled (zero autonomy) to fully autonomous (independent) systems. Understanding the nature and appropriate autonomy level of a system is essential to support scalability, reduce information asymmetries among vendors and users, and accelerate innovation in the rapidly evolving field of mobile robotics. We also identify implications for future research based on our findings in the concluding section.